• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.292-296
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• 2019

Soils amended for long-term with high levels of compost demonstrated greater abundance of bacterial members of the phylum Bacteroidetes whereas a decreasing trend in the relative abundance of phylum Acidobacteria was noted with increasing levels of compost. Metabolic profiles predicted by PICRUSt demonstrated differences in functional responses of the bacterial community according to the treatments. Soils amended with lower compost levels were characterized by abundance of genes encoding enzymes contributing to membrane transport and cell growth whereas genes encoding enzymes related to protein folding and transcription were enriched in soils amended with high levels of compost. Thus, the results of the current study provide extensive evidence of the influence of different compost levels on bacterial diversity and community structure in paddy soils.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2000

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of application levels of food waste compost andmineral nitrogen in 3 cuttings per annurn on the nutritive value and nutrient yields of orchardgrass (Dactylisglomerata L.). Annual food waste compost (FWC) and mineral nitrogen were applied at levels of 0, 10, 20,40 and 60 ton ha-', and 0, 90, 180 and 270 kg ha-', respectively. The contents of crude protein (CP, %) oforchardgrass were significantly higher at the application levels of 40 ton ha-' yr-' by FWC than those atapplication levels of 0 ton ha-' yr-' (p<0.05), the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %), acid detergentfiber (ADF, %) and hemicellulose were also higher in FWC applied plots, except for the FWC levels of 10and 60 ton ha-' yr-'. The contents of total digestible nutrient (TDN, %) and relative feed value (RFV) oforchardgrass were significantly higher at FWC levels of 10 and 60 ton ha-' yr-' than at levels of 0 ton ha"yr-'. Annual yields of CP and TDN were increased with increase the FWC levels. The highest contents ofCP of orchardgrass were obtained at 1st cut, NDF and ADF at 2nd cut. As the mineral nitrogen fertilizationwas increased, the contents of CP, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose of orchardgrass were significantly increased,but TDN and RFV were decreased. .Annual yields of CP and TDN of orchardgrass were significantlyincreased with increase the mineral nitrogen fertilization.(Key words : Food waste compost, Mineral nitrogen, Crude protein, Neutral detergent fiber, Acid detergentfiber)rgent fiber, Acid detergent fiber)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1736-1740
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• 2004

Since the application of relatively high levels of heavy metals in the compost poses a potential hazard to plants and animals, the content of heavy metals in the compost with animal manure is important to know if it is as a fertilizer. Measurement of heavy metals content in the compost by chemical methods usually requires numerous reagents, skilled labor and expensive analytical equipment. The objective of this study, therefore, was to explore the application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), a nondestructive, cost-effective and rapid method, for the prediction of heavy metals contents in compost. One hundred and seventy two diverse compost samples were collected from forty-seven compost facilities located along the Han river in Korea, and were analyzed for Cr, As, Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb levels using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. The samples were scanned using a Foss NIRSystem Model 6500 scanning monochromator from 400 to 2,500 nm at 2 nm intervals. The modified partial least squares (MPLS), the partial least squares (PLS) and the principal component regression (PCR) analysis were applied to develop the most reliable calibration model, between the NIR spectral data and the sample sets for calibration. The best fit calibration model for measurement of heavy metals content in compost, MPLS, was used to validate calibration equations with a similar sample set (n=30). Coefficient of simple correlation (r) and standard error of prediction (SEP) were Cr (0.82, 3.13 ppm), As (0.71, 3.74 ppm), Cd (0.76, 0.26 ppm), Cu (0.88, 26.47 ppm), Zn (0.84, 52.84 ppm) and Pb (0.60, 2.85 ppm), respectively. This study showed that NIRS is a feasible analytical method for prediction of heavy metals contents in compost.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 1998

In order to estimate the an adequate application level for dry matter production of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.) were investigated in different application levels of food waste compost and mineral nitrogen in 3 cuttings per annum, and to evaluated the soil improving effect of food waste compost. Annual food waste compost and mineral nitrogen were applied at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40 and $60ton\;ha^{-1}$, and 0, 90, 180 and $270kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were ranges of $8.92{\sim}9.70ton\;ha-1$ at levels of $180{\sim}270kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ than that of other levels of mineral nitrogen. Relative yield of each cut to annual dry matter yield were 32.0% 49.2% and 18.8% for 1st cut, 2nd cut and 3rd cut in mineral nitrogen treatment. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were ranges of $8.04{\sim}8.90ton\;ha^{-1}$ at levels of $20{\sim}60ton\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ than that of other levels of food waste compost. The efficiency of dry matter production to application of mineral nitrogen(kg DM $kg^{-1}$ N) were 21.2, 19.0 and 15.6kg at levels of 90, 180 and $270kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. Higher efficiency of dry matter Production obtained were 27.6~20.2 kg at levels of $90{\sim}180kg\;ha^{-1}$ of mineral nitrogen applied to $20ton\;ha^{-1}$ of food waste compost, it may due to accelerated mineralization by mineral nitrogen application. Highest efficiency of dry matter production to application of food waste compost (kg DM $ton^{-1}$ FWC) obtained was 71.0 kg at level of $40ton\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$. Maximum dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were $9.98ton\;ha^{-1}$ at limiting level of mineral nitrogen of $358.5kg\;ha^{-1}$ and $9.12ton\;ha^{-1}$ at limiting level of food waste compost of $49.3ton\;ha^{-1}$ per annum, respectively. Ranges of $20{\sim}49.3ton\;ha^{-1}$ of food waste compost and $180{\sim}358.5kg\;ha^{-1}$ of mineral nitrogen were estimated an adequate levels for increase in dry matter production, and to maintenance for orchardgrass pastures. Application of food waste compost was affected to improve the soil characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.959-961
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• 2011

Manure-based composts can have detrimental effects on the agricultural lands and crops if they are applied without proper stabilization process. Composting is well-known method for the stabilization of manure-based composts and the extent of composting could be examined by maturity test. Among various methods to examine compost maturity, the performances of two mechanical methods (Solvita and CoMMe-100) were examined and the test results were compared with seed germination test. The mechanical methods are considered to be simple and relatively objective. Also they are cost- and time-efficient. Ten commercially available composts collected in Korea were used for this study. Basically, the maturity determined with these mechanical methods was in good agreement with the seed germination test. However, it appeared that the index levels of compost maturity indicated more maturity by CoMMe-100 than Solvita for the same compost. The differences between maturity index levels determined by both methods were able to be minimized through extending the reaction time for CoMMe-100 and adjusting index level for maturity determination in the standard color chart.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 2012

Organic farming has rapidly increased in Gangwon province, but there is a concern about nutrient accumulation and nutrient imbalance in the soil of organic farming. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of continuous application of organic amendments on growth and yield of red pepper and soil characteristics compared with chemical fertilizers application for four years. Treatments of organic amendments including oil cake, rice straw compost, amino acid compost, rice bran compost, and mushroom media (spent substrate) compost resulted in comparable growth and yield of pepper to chemical fertilizers. Organic amendments improved soil physical and chemical characteristics. Especially, rice bran compost and oil cake significantly increased soil organic matter compared with chemical fertilizer application and mushroom media compost and rice straw compost significantly improved soil aggregate stability. On the other hand, available phosphate level in the soil amended with rice bran compost or mushroom media compost was relatively high compared with the other treatments due to relatively high phosphate levels in the composts. It is not easy to adjust nutrient composition in the organic materials. Therefore, the results obtained from the study imply that nutrient imbalance needs to be carefully considered in organic farming without use of chemical fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2022

This study was conducted to produce a nutrient-balanced complex fertilizer using compost from laying hens fed with phytase levels. A total of 30 laying hens were randomly assigned in individual cages. The dietary treatments were fed from 51 to 60 wks of age, and included a phytase; 0, 1,000, and 2,000 FTU/kg in basal diets. Fresh feed (110 g) and drinking water were supplied to the laying hens every day. Feces from hens were collected daily and analyzed for N, P₂O₅, and K₂O after compost maturity. This result showed there was no difference on the fecal excretion per feed intake of laying hens supplemented with phytase levels in the diets. On the other hand, the excretions of dried feces, N, P₂O₅, and K₂O were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in 2,000 FTU/kg treatment than 0, 1,000 FTU/kg treatments. There was no difference on the compost composition and nutrient contents in compound fertilizer using compost from hens fed dietary phytase levels. However, compost content in the fertilizer was 69.6~71.6% when compost of 25~30% moisture content was used, and 13.0~47.1% at compost of 40~60% moisture content. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that hen's compost controlled moisture content could be produced as a nutrient-balanced compound fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of application levels of nightsoil sludge compost(NSC) in 3 and 4 cuttings per annum on the dry matter yields and nutritive value of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.). Annual nightsoil sludge compost(NSC) were applied at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 ton $㏊^{respectively}$ . Relative yields of each cut to annual dry matter yield were 29.9%, 46.% and 23.2% for 1st cut, 2nd cut and 3rd cut in 3 cutting system, 23.7%, 29.3%, 34.0% and 13.0% for 1st cut, 2nd cut, 3rd cut and 4th cut in 4 cutting system, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were 8.11 ton $㏊^{-1}$ at level of 40 ton ㏊$^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 3 cutting systems, ranges of 7.50~10.71 ton $㏊^{-1}$ at level of 10~80 ton ㏊$^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 4 cutting systems than those of non application level of NSC, respectively(p〈0.05). The mean efficiency of dry matter production to application of NSC(kg DM/ton NSC) were 46 and 102 kg in 3 and 4 cutting systems, respectively. Although th contents of crude protein(CP, %) of orchardgrass were significantly higher at the application levels of 10~80 ton $㏊^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ -1/ by NSC than those of the application levels at the 0 ton $㏊^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ in 3 and 4 cutting systems(p〈0.05), the contents of neutral detergent fiber(NDF, %) and acid detergent fiber(ADF, %) were lower in NSC plots than those at the non-application plots of NSC. The contents of total digestible nutrient(TDN, %) and relative feed value(RFV) of orchardgrass were significantly increased with increase the applicaton levels of NSC(p〈0.05).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 2012

To promote the practical use of livestock manure compost (LC) for paddy rice cultivation, the fertilization efficiency of nutrients in LCs was investigated compared to that of chemical fertilizer. This experiment was conducted at rice field in Hwaseong, Korea, with 6 treatments by each of 3 kinds of tested LCs, cattle manure compost (CaC), swine manure compost (SwC) and chicken manure compost (ChC). The treatments consisted of 3 application levels of LCs and 3 chemical fertilizer treatments having the same application levels with LCs. $NH_4$-N content in soil became higher according to the increase in the urea application rate, while it became lower in LC plots than in urea plots, and statistically had no significant difference among LC plots. There was a close relationship between phosphate fertilization rate and the increment of soil available phosphate content after experiment resulting y = 0.1788x - 6.169 ($R^2=0.9425$) when applied fused superphosphate fertilizer, and y = 0.0662x - 2.689 ($R^2=0.9315$) when applied LC at the equivalent rates to phosphate input (x: phosphate application rate, kg $ha^{-1}$, y: increment in soil available phosphate content, mg $kg^{-1}$). And from these two equations, the correlation on the phosphate application rate between fused superphosphate fertilizer and LC could be obtained as y = 2.7056x - 52.492 (x: $P_2O_5$ application rate of fused superphosphate, kg $ha^{-1}$, y: $P_2O_5$ application rate of LC, kg $ha^{-1}$). Plant height, number of tillers, nutrients uptake by rice, and rice yield showed higher levels in N 100% and N 150% application plots of chemical fertilizers, while every LC plots exhibited lower values and no significant difference among them. Relative nitrogen fertilization efficiencies of LCs compared to urea was 12.3% for CaC, 8.8 for SwC and 24.6 for ChC, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.464-468
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• 1999

The effectiveness of current biodegradation test methods for degradable polymers under controlled composting conditions was studied in regards to the test temperature and compost condition. When biodegradability tests for the natural (starch, cellulose, PHB/HV) and synthetic (PCL, SG, PLA) polymers were conducted at temperature levels of 35 and $55^{\circ}C$ with compost cured at ambient temperature, the degradations of cellulose and starch were higher at $35^{\circ}C$ because of the priming effect. On the other hand, degradations of other polymers were higher at $55^{\circ}C$. In the biodegradation test at $55^{\circ}C$, compost harvested right after the thermophilic degradation stage showed higher biodegradation activities than the cured compost for both the synthetic aliphatic polyester (SG) and a natural polymer, cellulose. These results suggest that the biodegradation test conducted at $55^{\circ}C$ with the compost, harvested right after the thermophilic degradation stage during composting, showed the highest biodegradation activity under controlled composting conditions.