• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.221-232
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 압엽형강(H형강)을 이용한 초간편 강합성 교량에 대한 3차원 유한요소해석을 실시하여, 다양한 하중조건에 따른 하중분배값을 검토하였다. 유한요소해석에는 범용구조해석 프로그램 ABAQUS(2007)가 사용되었다. 하중분배계수 검토에 고려된 변수로는 콘크리트 슬래브 두께, 강판 두께, 주형길이, 바닥판 폭, 그리고 교량 연속성이 적용되었다. 해석을 통해 얻어진 하중 분배율은 AASHTO Standard 와 LRFD 설계기준의 제안식 및 기존 연구자들이 제안한 식들과 비교 검토되었다. AASHTO Standard는 매우 안전측의 하중분배율을 제안하고 있으며, AASHTO LRFD의 경우 내측주형의 경우 유사한 결과를 나타내기도 했으나 외측주형의 경우 대부분의 경우 큰 값을 나타내었다. 본 연구를 통해 제안된 하중분배값은 유한요소해석 결과를 토대로 안전측으로 제안되었으며, 설계변수별 상세설계에 적용가능하다. 또한 본 논문에서는 초간편 강합성 H형강 교량의 설계 간편성을 극대화하고 안전성을 고려하여 내측주형의 경우 0.42, 외측주형의 경우 0.32를 제안하였다. 본 연구내용에 검토된 매개변수 범위 내에서 간편 하중분배값의 적용이 가능하며, 본 연구의 결과는 초간편 강합성 H형강 교량의 설계 및 시공 활성화에 크게 기여할 것이다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제32권3A호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 중 소규모 교량에 적용이 가능한 초간편 H형강 강합성 교량의 안전성 및 성능평가를 위하여 유한요소해석 및 종국강도실험을 수행하였다. 범용유한요소해석 프로그램 ABAQUS(2007)를 사용하여 강합성 단위주형 모델과 4주형 모델이 검토되었으며, 해석결과를 토대로 모델별 거동특성을 분석하고, 실험체에 설치될 변위계(LVDT)와 변형률 게이지 위치를 결정하였다. 두 개의 실험체 정적하중실험을 통하여 신형식 초간편 H형강 강합성 교량의 하중 횡분배율을 분석 및 제안하였다. 강합성 단위주형 실험체의 H형강 하부플랜지가 항복응력에 도달하는 시기의 재하하중은 500 kN으로 나타났으며, 실험체 종국하중은 840 kN이다. 강합성 4주형 실험체 재하하중에 의한 항복모멘트와 소성모멘트는 도로교설계기준(2005)을 토대로 산정된 활하중 설계모멘트에 각각 2.4배, 4.1배의 강도를 나타내었다. 초간편 H형강 강합성 교량 실험을 통하여 본 신형식 교량은 시공 중 및 시공 후 안전성과 강도가 충분히 발휘됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2001

The structure of current guides is largely illogical and without any rational use of color ordering. The shade guides are generally made of plastic (rather than the actual composite material) and do not accurately depict the true shade. translucency. or opacity of the composite resin after polymerization. To solve this problem, information based on evaluations of natural teeth and material that use the same method and experimental conditions is necessary. The present investigation measured the color of natural maxillary anterior teeth in vivo and compared the results with those of composite resins. 269 Korean subjects were selected for this study. Intact central incisor. lateral incisor. and canine were selected. The clinical crowns were free of caries or restorations. The middle site of the coronal portion on the labial surface of the tooth was measured by Chroma Meter. The five light activated. resin-based materials (Amelogen, Denfil, Elitefil, Spectrum, Z100) were used in this study. Resin composite was condensed into plastic mold with a diameter of 8mm and a thickness of 4mm. pressed between glass plates to flatten the surfaces. and polymerized using a Visilux II visible light activation unit. The surfaces were polished sequentially on wet sandpaper. Color measurements of each specimen were accomplished by Chroma Meter. A computer program that compares each tooth color with each composite resin color was written and the minimum CIELAB color difference ($\Delta$E$^*$) between tooth and each material was calculated. Under the conditions of this study: 1. Teeth tend to become darker with advancing age. 2. Canines were darker. more yellow. and less green than incisors. 3. The teeth from the women were lighter. more green. and less yellow than the male teeth. 4. In general. composite resins were lighter. more green. and less yellow than teeth. Deficiencies were noted in Hues in YR range. 5. Mean color differences between the five composite resin products and teeth were detectable to the naked eye($\Delta$E$^*$>1.0). 6. In comparing the mean $\Delta$E$^*$ values of materials. Spectrum showed the least followed by Z100, Elitefil, Amelogen, Denfil in increasing order.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.589-597
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• 2018

Centrifuge model tests were used to simulate pile-raft composite foundation and pile-geogrid composite foundation with different pile spacing for researching the time effect of negative skin friction of rigid piles in high-speed railways. The research results show that the negative skin friction has a significant impact on the bearing capacity of composite foundation. Pile-raft composite foundation has higher bearing capacity compared to pile-geogrid composite foundation to reduce the effect of negative skin friction on piles. Both the foundation settlement and negative skin friction have significant time effect. The distribution of skin friction can be simplified as a triangle along the pile. The neutral point position moves deeper in the postconstruction stage at larger pile spacing. For pile-geogrid composite foundation, the setting of pile-cap affects the position of neutral point in the post-construction stage. Reinforced cushion with geotextile may promote the better performance of cushion for transmitting the loads to piles and surrounding soils. Arching effect in the cushion of the composite foundation is a progressive process. The compression of the rigid piles contributes less than 20% to 25% of the total settlement while the penetration of the piles and the compression of the bearing stratum below the pile tips contribute more than 70% of the total settlement. Some effective measures to reduce the settlement of soils need to be taken into consideration to improve the bearing capacity of pile foundation.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2008

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) have outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Thus, by placing nanotubes into appropriate matrix, it is postulated that the resulting composites will have enhanced properties. Cold spray can produce thick metal-based composite coatings with very high density, low oxygen content, and phase purity, which leads to excellent physical properties. In this study, we applied cold spray coating process for the consolidation of Cu/CNT composite powder. The precursor powder mixture, in which CNTs were filled into copper particles, was prepared to improve the distribution of the CNT in copper matrix. Pure copper coating was also conducted by cold spraying as a reference. Annealing heat treatment was applied to the coating to examine its effect on the properties of the composite coating. The hardness of Cu/CNT composite coating represented similar value to that of pure copper coating. It was importantly found that the electrical conductivity of the Cu/CNT composite coating significantly increased from 53% for the standard condition to almost 55% in the optimized condition, taking annealed ($500^{\circ}C/1hr$.) copper coating as a reference (100%). The thermal conductivity of Cu/CNT composite coating layer was higher than that of pure Cu coating. It was also found that the electrical and thermal conductivities of Cu/CNT composite could be improved through annealing heat treatment. The microstructural evolution of Cu/CNT coating was also investigated and related to the macroscopic properties.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.87-90
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• 2001

In particle or short-fiber reinforced composites, cracking of the reinforcements is a significant damage mode because the broken reinforcements lose load carrying capacity. This paper deals with elastic stress distributions and load carrying capacity of intact and cracked ellipsoidal inhomogeneities. Three dimensional finite element analysis has been carried out on intact and broken ellipsoidal inhomogeneities in an infinite body under pure shear. For the intact inhomogeneity, as well known as Eshelby(1957) solution, the stress distribution is uniform in the inhomogeneity and non-uniform in the surrounding matrix. On the other hand, for the broken inhomogeneity, the stress in the region near crack surface is considerably released and the stress distribution becomes more complex. The average stress in the inhomogeneity represents its load carrying capacity, and the difference of average stresses between the intact and broken inhomogeneities indicates the loss of load carrying capacity due to cracking damage. The load carrying capacity of the broken inhomogeneity is expressed in terms of the average stress of the intact inhomogeneity and some coefficients. It is found that the broken inhomogeneity with higher aspect ratio still maintains higher load carrying capacity.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.260-268
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• 2006

The micromechanical approach was used to investigate the interfacial strain distributions of a unidirectional composite under transverse loading in which fibers were usually found to be randomly packed. Representative volume elements (RVE) for the analysis were composed of both regular fiber arrays such as a square array and a hexagonal array, and a random fiber array. The finite element analysis was performed to analyze the normal, tangential and shear strains at the interface. Due to the periodic characteristics of the strain distributions at the interface, the Fourier series approximation with proper coefficients was utilized to evaluate the strain distributions at the interface for the regular and random fiber arrays with respect to fiber volume fractions. From the analysis, it was found that the random arrangement of fibers had a significant influence on the strain distribution at the interface, and the strain distribution in the regular fiber arrays was one of special cases of that in the random fiber array.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.34-44
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• 1996

In order to examine the accuracy of the intensity method, the fiber orientation-angle distribution of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites is measured using image processing. The fiber orientation function is calculated from the fiber orientation measured by the soft X-ray photograph. Theoretical and experimental results of fiber orientation function are compared for the composites with different fiber contents and fiber orientations. The intensity method is used for the experimental investigation and the measured fiber orientation function is compared to the calculated one. The relations between the measured and the simulated fiber orientation functions $J{\small{M}}$ and $J{\small{S}}$ respectively are identified. For the fiber length of 1.000mm and 2.000mm, it shows that $J{\small{M}}=0.83J{\small{M}}$. However. in general. the value of $J{\small{M}}$ decreases as the fiber length increases. For GFRP composites the relations between $J{\small{M}}$ and theoretical value J show that $J{\small{M}}$=0.73J for short fiber and $J{\small{M}}$=0.81J for long fiber.

• Composites Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 폐쇄형 발포금속의 인장 특성을 이해하기 위하여 수정된 단위모델을 제시하였다. 또한 발포금속의 밀도는 가우스 분포에 의거하여 확률적으로 분포한다고 가정하고 본 연구에서 제시된 수정 단위 모델을 조합하여 유한요소 모델을 제안하였다. 이 모델은 실제 인장 시험과 유사한 변형거동을 보이는 것을 확인하였고, 적절한 밀도 분포와 내부 기공을 고려하게 되면, 해석에서 구해진 최대 인장 강도가 근사적으로 실험결과와 일치하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 또한, 발포 알루미늄의 최대 인장 강도는 밀도 분포의 표준편차보다는 내부 기공 부피분율에 더 민감하게 변하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.525-536
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• 2018

This paper focuses on the application of the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) to thermo-elastic static problems of functionally graded carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) cylindrical pressure vessels. A symmetric displacement field is considered as unknown function along the longitudinal direction, whereas a linear distribution is assumed along the thickness direction. The cylindrical pressure vessels are subjected to an inner and outer pressure under a temperature increase. Different patterns of reinforcement are applied as distribution of CNTs. The effective material properties of FG-CNTRC cylindrical pressure vessels are measured based on the rule of mixture, whereas the governing equations of the problem are here derived through the principle of virtual works. A large parametric investigation studies the effect of some significant parameters, such as the pattern and volume fraction of CNTs, on the longitudinal distribution of deformation, strain and stress components, as useful tool for practical engineering applications.