• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.770-776
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• 1995

For the purpose of development of non-toxic and biodegradable flocculant, chitosan complex was isolated from Ganoderma lucidum wastes. The isolated complex was identified as the expected chitosan-glucan complex by IR specta. The complex was extracted by treatment of 50% NaOH solution at 120$\circ$C for 5 hrs, namely optimal condition and solubilized with 2% acetic acid for fur-ther use as flocculant. Preliminary experiments showed that the solubilized complex had higher flocculation activity of 1.3 fold than commercial chitosan at 400 mg/l concentration in soybean curd wastewater. Also the solubilized complex removed 83% of MLSS and 60% of COD in the soybean curd wastewater treated by photosynthetic bacteria, 50% of turbidity and 21% of MLSS in sugar industry wastewater, and 90% of turbidity and 89% of MLSS in alcohol fermentation wastewater. Bacterial cell flocculation activities of the solubilized chitosan-glucan complex were 89% in Bacillus subtilis broth, 81% in Streptococcus lactis broth, and more than 90% in Escherichia coli broth after standing for 2 days. The results reveal that chitosan-glucan complex from Ganoderma lucidum wastes can substitute for commercial chitosan as non-toxic and biodegradable flocculant.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.39-56
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• 1990

The effects of six kinds of phosphate complex on the water holding capacity (W.H.C) and protein solubility of hair tail, yellow tail runner and dried pollack meat paste were investigated and animal meat(pork, chicken and hare meat complex) The formulation of six kind of phosphate complex employed to this experiment were made by mixing several phosphate such as sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate, potassim pyrophosphate, sodium ultra-meta-phosphate, sodium-tetra-phosphate and monoglyceride at different mixture ratio Among the six kinds of phosphate complex, phosphate B complex which was formulated by mixing sodium polyphosphate 40%, sodium pyrophosphate 30%, sodium tetra mata phosphate 10%, sodium ultra meta phosphate 10% was most effective on enchanging the W H. C, and protein solubility of hair tail, yellow tail runner dried pollack meat past and in case of pork, chicken and hare meat paste. Phosphate C complex which was formulated by mixing sodium polyphosphate 50%. sodium pyrophosphate 30%, sodium tetra meta phosphate 10%, potassium pyrophosphate 10%, was more effective them other phosphate complex, and thief optimum addition level was 0.5% respectively in weight of fish meat paste. Texture characteristics such as hardness, cohesiveness and springiness value of Kamaboko(fish meat and pork, chicken, hare meat complex past meat product) were evaluted as best when 0.5% of Phosphate B complex was added The optimum cooking condition of Kamaboko to get good texture was heating for 20 minutes at 12$0^{\circ}C$.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.300-310
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• 1994

Physicochemical properties for the inclusion complex of chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) and it's $7{\beta}-hydroxy$ epimer ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin({\beta}-CyD)$ were studied. The formation of the complex in the solid state were confimed by polarized microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance$(^1H-NMR)$spectroscopy showed that CDCA and UDCA form an inclusion complex with ${\beta}-CyD$ in aqueous solution. The 1 : 1 stoichiometry of the complex was dextermined by the continuous variation method. From DSC and $^1H-NMR$ studies, there were not any differences between CDCA and UDCA. Complex of CDCA and UDCA showed increase in solubility and dissolution compared with CDCA and UDCA alone, respectively. Solubility pattern of UDCA complex was pH independent but, CDCA complex was like that of CDCA. Dissolution rate increased markedly in case of UDCA complex compared with CDCA complex, especially in acidic pH value.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.919-925
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• 2006

An accurate mathematical model for complex stiffness of the pneumatic spring would be necessary for an efficient design of a pneumatic spring used in vibration isolation tables for precision instruments such as optical devices or nano-scale equipments. A diaphragm, often employed for prevention of air leakage, plays a significant role of complex stiffness element as well as the pressurized air itself Therefore, effects of the diaphragm need to be included in the dynamic model for a more faithful description of dynamic behavior of pneumatic spring. But the complex stiffness of diaphragm is difficult to predict In an analytical way, since it is a rubber membrane of complicated shape in itself. Moreover, the diaphragm should be expandable in response to pressurization inside a chamber, which makes direct measurement of complex stiffness of diaphragm extremely difficult. In our earlier research, the complex stiffness of diaphragm was indirectly measured, which was just to eliminate the theoretical stiffness of pressurized air from the measured complex stiffness of the pneumatic spring. In order to reflect complex stiffness of inflated diaphragm on the total stiffness at the initial design or design improvement stage, however. it is required to be able to predict beforehand. In this paper, how to predict the complex stiffness of inflated rubber diaphragm by commercial FE codes (e.g. ABAQUS) will be discussed and the results will be compared with the indirectly measured values.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1987

To increase the bioavailability of norfloxacin, inclusion complex of antimicrobial agent norfloxacin with ${\beta}-Cyclodextrin$ was prepared and studied by the solubility method, spectrophotometric methods(UV, IR, $^1H-NMR$), differential thermal analysis, powder X-ray diffractometry, the physical properties, the antimicrobial activity, DNA binding and in situ recirculation technique. The conclusions are summerized as following; 1) The inclusion complexation was identified by means of solubility, spectrophotometry(UV, IR, NMR), DTA and X-ray diffraction. 2) The molar ratio of $norfloxacin-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ complex was 1 : 1. 3) The stability constant of $norfloxacin-{\beta}-cyclodextrin$ complex was $21.5\;M^{-1}$, and both true and apparent partition coefficients of the inclusion complex were larger than those of norfloxacin. 4) The time required to dissolve 60% $(T_{60}%)$ of the inclusion complex was 120 min. in distilled water and in the artificial intestinal juice, while norfloxacin did not reach to 60% dissolution within 120 min. 5) The antimicrobial activity of the inclusion complex against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus showed no significant difference compared to that of norfloxacin alone. 6) Studies on binding properties between the inclusion complex and norfloxacin alone to DNA according to equilibrium dialysis showed no significant differency. 7) In situ absorption rates (Ka) of inclusion complex and norfloxacin alone were 0.229 and $0.102hr^{-1}$, respectively.

• 대기
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.95-108
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• 2011

The effects of an apartment complex on flow and pollutant dispersion in an urban area are numerically investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The CFD model is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and includes the renormalization group k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model. The geographic information system (GIS) data is used as an input data of the CFD model. Eight numerical simulations are carried out for different inflow directions and, for each inflow direction, the effects of an apartment complex are investigated, comparing the characteristics of flow and dispersion before and after construction of the apartment complex in detail. The observation data of automatic weather system (AWS) is analyzed. The windrose analysis shows that the wind speed and direction after the construction of the complex are quite different from those before the construction. The construction of the apartment complex resulted in the decrease in wind speed at the downwind region. It is also shown that the wind speed increased partially inside the apartment complex due to the channeling effect to satisfy the mass continuity. On the whole, the wind speed decreased at the downwind region due to the drag effect by the apartment complex. As a result, the passive pollutant concentration increased (decreased) near the downwind region of (within) the apartment complex compared with that before the construction.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2012

The vitalization of Agro-industrial complex could be an alternative to enhance farmers off-farm income and overcome FTA's impacts on the import of agricultural products. However, it is evaluated the governmental policy on the Agro-industrial complex has not been successfully done as expected. The Agro-industrial complex started to be composed in 1984 and the 427 Agro-industrial complex have been composed nationwide by 2011. Meanwhile, three Agro-industrial complex where 61 factories are running have been composed and two Agro-industrial complex are being under construction in Seocheongun as of 2011. It is investigated that there are constraints in the government supporting systems for Agro-industrial complex. They are; Aged and poor infrastructure facilities, Weak marketing competition, Scattered supporting agencies, and Poor loan system, etc. In this respect, the policy of supporting system was suggested and recommended to vitalize Agro-industrial complex in the study. They are; Better loan system, Improving aged facilities, Marketing support, Assisting technology, Suppling labor power, and Forming factory-network, etc.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.226-233
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• 2007

To develop a clinically available saponin- or sapogenin complex from Oriental medicines, the EtOH extract (KPRG-A) was obtained by extracting from the four crude drugs, Kalopanacis Cortex, Platycodi Radix, Rubi Fructus and Glycyrrhizae Radis. The BuOH fraction (KPRG-B), a crude saponin complex, was prepared by fractionating KPRG-A, which were further completely hydrolyzed to afford the sapogenin complex (KPRG-D). In an attempt to find the antinoicpetive effects of the saponin complex and sapogenin complex, KPRG-C, and -D, were assayed by writhing-, hot plate-, and tail-flick tests using mice or rats. The three samples were also subjected to antiiflammatory tests using serotonin-induced and carrageenan-induced hind paw edema mice and rats, respectively. The three samples significantly reduced inflammations and pains of the experimental animal. The potency were found in the order of KPRG-D> KPRG-C> KPRG-B. The most active sample, KPRG-D, caused no death, no body increase or no anatomical pathlogic change even at 2,000 mg/kg dose. These results suggest that a sapogenin complex, KPRG-D, which was found to contain mainly hederagenin, platycodigenin, polygalacic acid, 23-hydroxytormentic acid, glycyrrhetic acid together with minor triterpene acids, could be a potential candidate for antiinflammatory therapeutics.

• 약학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.175-184
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• 1995

The interaction of omeprazole(OMP) with $\gamma$-cyclodextrin($\gamma$-CyD) was investigated by solubility study and the complexation was confirmed by means of UV/VIS spectrophotometer, circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimeter, and $^{1}$H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The stability, dissolution rate, and partition coefficient of the complex were measured. The results present that the benzimidazole moiety and a part of pyridine ring containing sulfur atom of OMP might be included into the cavity of $\gamma$-CyD and the formation type of inclusion complex appeared to be B$_{s}$. The stoichiometric ratio of OMP to $\gamma$-CyD in the complex was found to be 1:1 and the stability constant of the complex found to be 97.1 M$^{-1}$. And the dissolution rate of OMP was markedly increased by inclusion complex formation with $\gamma$-CyD, and so it was above 90% in 5 min. from solid complex. Oil to water partition coefficient of OMP-$\gamma$-CyD complex was 60, which is significantly higher than that of OMP itself, 36.4. The degradation rate constant of OMP were greater than OMP-$\gamma$-CyD complex in aqueous solutions of various pHs, and the half lives of OMP and OMP-$\gamma$-CyD at pH 9 were 279.2 and 509.9 days, respectively, showing that the complex was more stable than OMP, therefore it was thought that OMP was stabilized by inclusion formation with $\gamma$-CyD.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.239-253
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• 2019

Accurate numericalsimulation of wind field over complex terrain is an important prerequisite for wind resource assessment. In this study, numerical simulation of wind field over complex terrain was further carried out by taking the complex terrain around Siu Ho Wan station in Hong Kong as an example. By artificially expanding the original digital model data, Gambit and ICEM CFD software were used to create high-precision complex terrain model with high-quality meshing. The equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer simulation based on RANS turbulence model was carried out in a flat terrain domain, and the approximate inflow boundary conditions for the wind field simulation over complex terrain were established. Based on this, numerical simulations of wind field over complex terrain under different inflow wind directions were carried out. The numerical results were compared with the wind tunnel test and field measurement data for land and sea fetches. The results show that the numerical results are in good agreement with the wind tunnel data and the field measurement data which can verify the accuracy and reliability of the numerical simulation. The near ground wind field over complex terrain is complex and affected obviously by the terrain, and the wind field characteristics should be fully understood by numerical simulation when carrying out engineering application on it.