• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.43-57
• /
• 1965

It has been-reported that rabbit serum exhibit an inhibitory action on avian infectious bronchitis virus in embryonating chicken embryo. In this thesis, the biological, serological, physical and chemical properties of normal rabbit serum on the effect of the virus propagation were studied. Throughout the studies, the following experimental results 'were obtained and summarized here. 1. An inhibitory action of rabbit serum on avian infectious bronchitis vrius is due to the normal serum constituents. 2. The nature of the neutralization between normal rabbit serum and the virus is similar to that of the specific antiserum and the virus. 3. Rabbit serum, heat inactivated at $56^{\circ}C$, for 30 minutes, showed its average $log_{10}El,D_{50}Nl$ of 3.7. 4. The inhibitory compound present in the normal rabbit serum is inactivated by means of 5 per cent trypsin, 0.01 M potassium periodate, and absorbed to zymosan. 5. The inhibitory compound was not affected by 0.05 M trichloroacetic acid and 0.005M $KH_2PO_4$. 6. The higher the temperature of heat inactivation of rabbit serum caused the lesser the neutralizing effect on the virus. Heating the serum at $66^{\circ}C$, for 30 minutes brought about a complete loss of the neutralizing index of the serum. 7. No ions, as a cofactor, was incorporated to the inhibitory action of rabbit serum on the virus. 8. The inhibitory compound amays be found in a fraction of serum globulin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.493-498
• /
• 1994

The response of crossbred Holstein milking cows to the neutralized urea-treated rice straw feeding was investigated. Rice straw was treated with 6% urea for at least 21 days and further with sulfuric acid for overnight to complete the neutralization. The neutralized straw was then sun-dried and its feeding value was compared with that of the dried non-neutralized urea-treated straw. They were fed to the cows with concentrates either by the ration formulation based on the nutrient requirements for milk production recommended by NRC or by the traditional way in which straw was fed ad libitum and concentrates at 1 kg/2 kg of milk production. The results showed that milk production as well as milk composition of cows were not different between neutralized and non-neutralized straw. The feeding of the neutralized straw could significantly reduce the supply of protein-rich feed such as soybean oil meal, and it was demonstrated that ammonium sulfate in the neutralized straw could be utilized as effective as the plant origin protein. The results also suggested that if the traditional feeding method is applied to the dairy cattle, protein content of the supplementing concentrates should be increased to meet the requirement.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 2015

In acid hydrolysis process of biomass saccharification. neutralization of acid hydrolyzate is essential step, which resulted in dissolved cations in glucose solution. Impact of cations to Kluyveromyces marxianus in glucose solution was investigated focused on ethanol fermentation. Either potassium or sodium cations decreased the ethanol fermentation and glucose to ethanol conversion. Glucose consumption by K. marxianus was delayed by increasing potassium cation concentration as completely consumed within 12 h in potassium cation 0.46 mol and 0.92 mol but within 24 h in potassium cation 1.38 mol. Also, ethanol fermentation process was slowed down with increasing concentration of the potassium sulfate. Fermentation of glucose solution to ethanol was more inhibited by sodium cation than potassium cation in glucose solution. Glucose was completely consumed within 24 h in sodium cation 0.95 mol. but at 1.90 mol or 2.84 mol in sodium cation could not finish the fermentation within 48 hour. Ethanol concentration was 22.26 g/L at low sodium cation in glucose solution with complete fermentation within 24 h. With increasing sodium cation in glucose solution, final ethanol concentration was reached at 14.10 g/L (sodium cation con) and 0.21 g/L (sodium cation con), which meant delaying of fermentation by sodium cations.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.57 no.5
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 2015

Most of agricultural structures located in seashore could not avoid rapid deterioration of concrete because chloride-ion and $CO_2$ gradually penetrate into concrete. However, since most of models can be able to describe the phenomenon of penetration by using one or two dimensional models based on finite difference method (FDM), those modes can not simulate the real geometry and it takes a lot of computational time to complete even the calculation. To overcome those weaknesses, three dimensional numerical model considering time dependent variables such as surface concentration of chloride and diffusion coefficient of domain based on finite element method (FEM) was suggested. This model also included the neutralization occurred by the penetration of $CO_2$. Because the model used various sizes of tetrahedral mesh instead of equivalent rectangular mesh, it reduced the computational time to compare with FDM. As this model is based on FEM, it will be easily extended to execute multi-physics simulation including water evaporation and temperature change of concrete.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.43-46
• /
• 1963

1. Almost complete death of pitch pine seeds resulted when presoaked in 0.5 per cent ethyleneimine solution without neutralization. When neutralized with 1 N HCL, quite high germination percentages were obtained even with 2 per cent solution. 2. When presoaked in 0.25 or 0.50 per cent ethyl methanesulphonate, there was a delay in germination, but the germination per cent rapidly increased from about the 10 th day from sowing. 3. Basing upon the time when the germinative energy of control seeds was reached, the comparative lethal doses (concentrations) among mutagenic chemicals and radiations were investigated (Table 1).

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 2000

A study on the recovery of gallium from leaching solutions is carried out by solvent extraction in order to produce gallium oxide of high purity. The results show that the extraction of gallium is found to be increase with acidities of aqueous solution up to 7.4 M/L when pure isopropyl ether is used. And the extraction of iron also increases with increasing acidity of aqueous solution. It appears that the separation of gallium from iron cannot be satisfactorily accomplished with isopropyl ether. But, in the case of extaction with D2EHPA, almost complete extraction of iron is achieved-leaving all the gallium in the aqueous solution-by maintaining the acidity of aqueous solution at 2 M/L. Accordingly, $Ga_2O_3{\cdot}H_2O$ of more than 99wt.% in purity can be produced from zinc residues through the processes comprising of alkali leaching, precipitation by neutralization and solvent extraction using isopropyl ether and D2EHPA as extractants.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.1.1-1.6
• /
• 2024

IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was originally discovered in 1999 while attempting to identify an IL-18 receptor ligand binding chain (also known as IL-18Rα) by subjecting concentrated human urine to an IL-18 ligand affinity column. The IL-18 ligand chromatography purified molecule was analyzed by protein microsequencing. The result revealed a novel 40 amino acid polypeptide. To isolate the complete open reading frame (ORF), various human and mouse cDNA libraries were screened using cDNA probe derived from the novel IL-18 affinity column bound molecule. The identified entire ORF gene was thought to be an IL-18Rα gene. However, IL-18BP has been proven to be a unique soluble antagonist that shares homology with a variety of viral proteins that are distinct from the IL-18Rα and IL-18Rβ chains. The IL-18BP cDNA was used to generate recombinant IL-18BP (rIL-18BP), which was indispensable for characterizing the role of IL-18BP in vitro and in vivo. Mammalian cell lines were used to produce rIL-18BP due to its glycosylation-dependent activity of IL-18BP (approximately 20 kDa). Various forms of rIL-18BP, intact, C-terminal his-tag, and Fc fusion proteins were produced for in vitro and in vivo experiments. Data showed potent neutralization of IL-18 activity, which seems promising for clinical application in immune diseases involving IL-18. However, it was a long journey from discovery to clinical use although there have been various clinical trials since IL-18BP was discovered in 1999. This review primarily covers the discovery of IL-18BP along with how basic research influences the clinical development of IL-18BP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.9
• /
• pp.1268-1273
• /
• 2011

The present study was conducted to determine a feasible method of protein concentrate extraction from rice bran (RBPC) and its effect as a substitution for skim milk in early weaning pig diets. An investigation to extract protein concentrate from full fat rice bran was undertaken to determine the best ratio of water and rice bran, the amount of NaOH and a HCl solvent to use in a simple paddle-type mixer with modified spinning to produce RBPC. The results stated that the best ratio for water mixing in the RBPC extraction process was 1:5 with 20 g NaOH and 30 min in a paddle-type mixer at 300 rpm. A mix of 250 ml 0.2 N HCl was optimum for neutralization and protein precipitation. After the fluid was spun out with a washing machine, the sediment was left for 12-14 hours to complete the filtration. One kilogram of rice bran could produce an average of 324.5 gram RBPC and it contained 3.40% ash, 496.48 kcal of GE/100 gram, 1.94% crude fiber, 28.20% ether extract, 7.64% moisture and 16.66% crude protein, respectively. A total of 45 crossbred piglets, weaned at 3 weeks of age were allotted into control diet (A) and dietary treatments formulated with a four different rates of RBPC substitution for skim milk at a percentage of 25 (B), 50 (C), 77 (D) and 100 (E) respectively, in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. All piglets had free access to feed and water until 8 week of age when the experiment ended. Feed intake, average daily gain, growth rate and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood test parameters after completion of the growth trial indicated normal health. Even though the mean of cell hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) it was still within the normal range. The cost difference for BW gain of 100% RBPC substituted for skim milk in the weaning diet was approximately 35% lower than that of the control and the relative cost of production was 96.67, 92.85, 70.75 and 64.48% lower for the replacement of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of skim milk respectively. These results implied that this technology is feasible for use by small scale farmers to improve their self-reliance.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.871-875
• /
• 1999

We calculated the characteristics of a phosphoric cation exchanger and studied on an accurately computable method to determine the ion exchange capacity for type of potentiometric titration curve. The ion exchanger was prepared by phosphorylation of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with 4% crosslinking. The ion exchange capacity is 5.7 meq/g. The experimental pK values versus ${\mathit{x}}$ in phosphoric cation exchanger can be expressed as a linear equation. The ${\Delta}pK$ values were obtained from the slope of linear equation. The ${\Delta}pK$ values are the differences of antilogarithms(pK) values of the apparent equilibrium constant at complete and zeroth neutralization of the ion exchanger. Also the experimental pK values at ${\mathit{x}}=0.5$ were accorded well with theoretical data. And when it is titrated with NaOH and $Ba(OH)_2$ solutions, a good agreement between experimental and theoretical pK values for various ${\mathit{x}}$ was seen in all the potentiometric titration curves. We knew that the inflection point of potentiometric titration curve in the case of divalent ions are changed much large than that for monovalent ions. If the relation between g values and ${\partial}pH/{\partial}g$ was plotted to the Lorentz distribution curve, ion exchange capacity can be accurately evaluated.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.97-130
• /
• 1979

Many industrial processes those employ bacteria are subjected to phage infestations. In L-glutamic acid fermentions using acetic acid, the phage infestations of the organisms have been recently recognized. In efforts to elucidate the sources of phage contamination involved in the abnormal fermentation, a series of study was conducted to isolate the phages both from the contents of abnormally fermented tanks and the soil or sewage samples from the surroundings of a fermentation factory, to define major charateristics of the phage isolates, and finally to determine the correlation between the phage isolates and temperate phages originating from the miscellaneous bacterial species isolated from the soil or sewage samples. The results are summarized as follows; 1) All phages were isolated from the irregular fermentation tanks and soil or sewage samples, and they were designated as phage PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6, and PR-7, in the order of isolation. These PR-series phages were proved to be highly specific for the variant strains of Br. lactofermentum only, namely, phage PR-1 and PR-2 for Br. lactofermentum No. 468-5 and phage PR-3~PR-7 for Br. lactofemrentum No. 2256. By cross-neutralization test, the 7 phagescould be subdivided into 3 groups, i. e., phage PR-I and PR-2 the first, phage PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6 the second, and the phage PR-7 the third. 2) The 7 phages were virulent under the experimental conditions. They produced plaques with clear and relatively sharp margins without distinct halo. The mean sizes of plaques were 1.5mm in diameter for phage PR-1 and PR-2, and 1. Omm for phages PR-3~PR-7. Double layer technique modified by Hongo and described by Adams, was applied to assay of the PR-series phages. The factors influencing the plaques were as follows;young age cells of host bacteria cultured for 3-6 hours represented the largest number and size, optimum was pH 7.0, incubation temperature was $30^{\circ}C$, and agar concentration and amount of overlayer medium were 0.6% and 0.2ml, respectively. 3) PR-series phages were stable in 0.05M tris buffer and 0.1M ammonium acetate buffer solution. The addition of $5{\times}10^{-3}M$ magnesium ion effectively increased the stability. Thermostability experiments indicated that PR-series phages were stable at the teinperture between $50^{\circ}{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ in nutrient medium, $45^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ in buffer solution. However, the phages mere completely inactivated at 603C and 65$^{\circ}$C within 10 minutes. The phages were stable at the range of pH6~9 in nutrient medium and of pH 8-9 in buffer solution, respectively. Exposure of the phages to UV for 25, 60 and 100 seconds resulted in the complete loss of infectivily, respectively. 4) Electron microscopy showed that PR-series phage particles exhibited rather similar morphology, differing in the size All of PR-series phages had a multilateral head and had a simple long tiil about three to five times long as compared with head. By the size, phage PR-1 and PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, and PR-6 and PR-7 were classified into same groups, respectively. The head and tail size of phage PR-1, PR-5, PR-5(T) and PR-7 were 85nm, 74nm and 235nm and 350mm, and 72nm and 210nm, respectively. 5) Nucleic acids of PR-series phages were double stranded DNA. The G+C contents of phage PR-1, PR-5 and PR-7 were 56.1, 52.9 and 53.7, respectively. The values of G+C contents derived from the $T_m$ were in agreement with the chemically determined values. 6) PR-series phages effectively adsorbed on their host bacteria at the rate of more than 90% during 5 min. K value for phage PR-1, PR-5 and PR-7 were calculated to be $6{\times}10^9 ml$ per minute, respectiveky. The pH of the medium did effect adsorption rate, but both temperature and age of host cells did not. Generally, optimum adsorption condition of phages seemed to be almost same as optimum growth conditions of host bacteria. 7) In one-step growth experiments, the latent periods at $30^{\circ}C$ for PR-1, and PR-7 were about 70, 50 and 55 min, respectively. The corresponding average burst size was 200, 70 and 90, respectively. Lpsis period according to the multiplicity of infection and a phage series. In case of m. o. i. 100, strain No. 2256 (PR-5) and No. 468-5(PR-1) failed to grow and turbidity decreased after 50 and 70min, respectively. 8) In the lysate of a plaque purified phage PR-5 infected bacteria, there observed 2 types ofphage particles, i. e., phage PR-5 and PR-5 (T) of similar morphology but differing at the length of phage tail, and phage tail like particles. The phage taillike particles could be divided into 4 types by the length. Induction experiments of Br. lactofermentum with UV irradiation, mitomycin C or bacitracin treatment produced neither phage PR-5 (T) or phage tail-like particles. 9) No lysis occured when the growth of 7 strains of miscellaneous bacteria, isolated from soil and sewage samples, were inoculated with either phage PR-5 (T) or phage tail-like particles the inoculation of phage PR-5 pellet resulted in the growth inhibition of the orgainsms in the spot test. The lysates obtained from 3 miscellaneous soil derived bacteria following mitomycin C treatment the growth of Br. lactofermentum, but did not lyze the bacterium.