• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.603-609
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• 1987

The clinical, investigative, and surgical experiences were reviewed in four patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries who presented to the National Medical Center between August 1983 and August 1985. This condition is very rare congenital anomaly defined as the combination of atrioventricular discordance and transposition of the great arteries. Examples of primitive [single] ventricle inverted [that is, left sided in situs solitus] with outflow chamber were excluded in this paper. According to the sequential arrangement of the hearts there were two cases of [S,L,L] and two cases of [I,D,D]. The surgical approach should be focused on minimizing the risk of heart block and increasing the degree of relief of pulmonary outflow tract obstruction [POTO]. We experienced complete heart block in two cases of [S,L,L] and significant residual POTO in one case of [S,L,L] and one case of [I,D,D] postoperatively. There were one hospital mortality caused by complete heart block and residual POTO and two delayed mortalities caused by congestive heart failure and sepsis respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.911-920
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• 2003

본 연구에서 지난 17년간 경험한 부분방실중격결손증의 외과적 교정술의 장기결과를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1986년 4월부터 2002년 12월까지 부분방실중격결손증으로 외과적 교정술을 시행 받은 93명의 환자를 대상으로 사망률, 생존율 및 그 위험인자를 분석하고, 추적관찰 기간중 재수술과 관련되는 위험인자를 분석하였다. 남자 환자가 32명 여자 환자가 61명이었으며, 수술 당시 연령의 중앙값은 68개월(3∼818개월)이었고 평균추적관찰기간은 108$\pm$59.4개월(1∼200개월)이었다. 결과: 조기사망은 4예로 수술 사망률은 4.3%였다. 사망원인은 발작성 폐동맥고혈압증 1예, 저심박출증 1예, 심부전에 의한 심폐기이탈실패 1예, 심실세동 1예였고, 사망과 관련하여 통계적으로 의미 있는 인자는 없었다. 조기사망한 환자 4명을 제외한 89명의 환자를 추적 관찰하였고, 1예에서 만기사망을 확인하였다. 3년, 5년, 10년, 15년 생존율은 각각 95.7%, 94.3%, 94.3%, 94.3%였다. 수술 직후 63명(67.7%)의 환자에서 좌측 방실판막폐쇄부전이 개선되었고, 14명(15.1%)의 환자에서는 술 전과 같았고, 12명(12.9%)에서는 악화되었다. 추적관찰 기간 중 8명(9.0%)의 환자에서 재수술을 시행하였으며, 완전 교정술 후 평균 38.6개월(3∼136개월) 후 시행되었다. 3년, 5년, 10년, 15년 무재수술 생존율은 각각 94.0%, 91.4%, 91.4%, 88.2%였다. 재수술의 원인으로는 좌측 방실판막페쇄부전이 7예, 좌심실유출로협착이 2예, 잔존심방중격결손 1예, 좌측 방실판막협착 1예, 우심부전 1예였고, 재수술과 관련하여 좌심실 유출로 협착이 통계적으로 의미있는 위험인자였다(p=0.002). 10명의 환자에서 술 후 부정맥이 발생하였는데, 3명의 환자에서 상심실성 부정맥, 7명의 환자에서는 완전 방실전도차단이 발생하였고, 이 중 6명의 환자에서 영구 인공심박조율기의 삽입이 필요하였다. 걸론: 부분방실중격결손증은 낮은 사망률로 수술을 시행할 수 있었다. 재수술의 원인은 좌측 방실판막페쇄부전이 가장 많았다. 방실판막구조물의 기형이 동반된 경우 재수술의 가능성이 높아지는 경향을 보였으나 통계적 의미는 없었다. 또한, 술후 좌심실유출로협착여부가 재수술의 위험인자였으므로 좌측 방실판막 및 좌심실 유출로의 해부학적인 구조에 대한 정확한 이해가 요구된다. 좌심실유출로협착은 발생시 대동맥하부의 조직에 대한 절제술을 시행할 수 있으나 재발 가능성이 크고, 필요시 수정 Konno수술로 만족할만한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한, 방실전도차단은 초기시행단계에서 많이 발생하였으며, 심장 전도계에 대한 정확한 해부학적 이해와 경험축적으로 극복할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.113-116
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• 2014

A 52-year-old man was referred to our hospital due to fever and myalgia that occurred 2 weeks earlier. He showed a complete atrioventricular block on his electrocardiogram, and his vital signs were unstable. On his transthoracic echocardiograph, the 1.5 cm vegetation in the aortic valve with severe aortic regurgitation suggested infective endocarditis. His transesophageal enchocardiograph showed abscess in his mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa and vegetation was suspected on his anterior mitral valve leaflet. The patient underwent an emergent operation for valve replacement with temporary epicardial pacing. Intraoperatively, the septal leaflet of his tricuspid valve was injured during the debridement of the abscess pocket that was extended to the membranous septum. The aortic, mitral, and tricuspid mechanical valves were replaced with annular reconstruction without complications. After 14 days of intravenous antibiotics, we successfully changed the epicardial pacemaker into a transvenous DDD-type permanent pacemaker by placing a left ventricular lead via the coronary sinus and an atrial lead in the right atrium appendage. The patient was discharged in a tolerable state and was examined uneventfully in our hospital's outpatient clinic for 8 months.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.134-150
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• 2023

Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common kind of congenital heart disease and, if indicated, surgical closure has been accepted as a gold-standard treatment. However, as less-invasive methods are preferred, percutaneous device closure has been developed. After the first VSD closure was performed percutaneously by Lock in 1988, both techniques and devices have developed consistently. A perventricular approach for closure of muscular VSD in small patients and the closure of perimembranous VSD using off-label devices are key remarkable developments. Even though the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder (Abbott) could not be approved for use due to the high complete atrioventricular conduction block rate, other new devices have shown good results for closure of perimembranous VSDs. However, the transcatheter technique is slightly complicated to perform, and concerns about conduction problems after VSD closure with devices remain. There have been a few reports demonstrating successful closure of subarterial-type VSDs with Amplatzer devices, but long-term issues involving aortic valve damage have not been explored yet. In conclusion, transcatheter VSD closure should be accepted as being as effective and safe as surgery but should only be performed by experienced persons and in specialized institutes because the procedure is complex and requires different techniques. To avoid serious complications, identifying appropriate patient candidates for device closure before the procedure is very important.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2016

Background: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a well-recognized congenital heart disease. Despite improvements in the outcomes of surgical repair, the optimal timing of surgery and type of surgical management of patients with TOF remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes following the repair of TOF in infants depending on the surgical procedure used. Methods: This study involved the retrospective review of 120 patients who underwent TOF repair between 2010 and 2013. Patients were divided into three groups depending on the surgical procedure that they underwent. Corrective surgery was done via the transventricular approach (n=40), the transatrial approach (n=40), or a combined atrioventricular approach (n=40). Demographic data and the outcomes of the surgical procedures were compared among the groups. Results: In the atrioventricular group, the incidence of the following complications was found to be significantly lower than in the other groups: complete heart block (p=0.034), right ventricular failure (p=0.027) and mediastinal bleeding (p=0.007). Patients in the atrioventricular group had a better postoperative right ventricular ejection fraction (p=0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed among the three surgical groups in the occurrence of tachycardia, renal failure, and tricuspid incompetence. The one-year survival rates in the three groups were 95%, 90%, and 97.5%, respectively (p=0.395). Conclusion: Combined atrioventricular repair of TOF in infancy can be safely performed, with acceptable surgical risk, a low incidence of reoperation, good ventricular function outcomes, and an excellent survival rate.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권11호
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• pp.489-495
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• 2014

Purpose: The aims of this study were to document our single-center experience with pediatric acute fulminant myocarditis (AFM) and to investigate its clinical features and short-term outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all children <18 years old who were diagnosed with AFM between October 2008 and February 2013. Data about patient demographics, initial symptoms, investigation results, management, and outcomes between survivors and nonsurvivors were collected. Results: Seventeen of 21 patients (80.9%) with myocarditis were diagnosed with AFM. Eleven patients (64.7%) survived to discharge, and 6 (35.3%) died. Electrocardiography on admission revealed dysrhythmia in 10 patients (58.8%); of these, all 7 patients with a complete atrioventricular block survived. Fractional shortening upon admission was significantly different between the survivors (16%) and nonsurvivors (8.5%) (P=0.01). Of the serial biochemical markers, only the initial brain natriuretic peptide (P=0.03) and peak blood urea nitrogen levels (P=0.02) were significantly different. Of 17 patients, 4 (23.5%) required medical treatment only. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was performed in 13 patients (76.5%); the survival rate in these patients was 53.8%. ECMO support was initiated >24 hours after admission in 4 of the 13 patients (30.7%), and 3 of those 4 patients (75%) died. Conclusion: AFM outcomes may be associated with complete atrioventricular block upon hospital admission, left ventricular fractional shortening at admission, time from admission to the initiation of ECMO support, initial brain natriuretic peptide level, and peak blood urea nitrogen level.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.198-206
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• 1976

A Total of Forty eight patients underwent open-heart surgery for correction of tetralogy of Fallot at the Seoul National University Hospital from January 1974 to October 1976, with an overall survival rate of 77 per cent. Operative mortality varied according to severity of the lesion, age of the patient, nature of previous surgical treatment and presence or absence of an outflow tract patch across the pulmonary valve ring. Eleven patients died in the early postoperative period and thirty seven patients were discharged from the hospital alive. A patch of the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary annulus was required to relieve pulmonic stenosis in 24 patients. There were 10 deaths in this group (42%) as compared to 1 death in the group of 24 patients who were corrected without a patch. Operative mortality was especially higher when an inlay patch was placed across the pulmonary valve ring. This may be related to the possibly greater anatomic severity of these cases and to the longer operating time when a patch was used. The electrocardiogram showed right ventricular hypertrophy in 35 cyanotic patients. Intraventricular conduction was normal in 34 patients before operation. It was normal postoperatively in only 5 of 34 patients in this group who survived surgery. Complete right bundle branch block appeared at operation in 21 patients, and 8 patients developed incomplete right bundle branch block. Major causes of death were progressive cardiac failure (4), Complete atrioventricular dissociation (3), bleeding (2), cardiac tamponade (1), and sudden cardiac arrest (1)

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.123-134
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• 1991

Twenty eight patients had undergone repair of an isolated complete atrioventricular septal defect between April 1986 and September 1990 in Seoul National University Children`s Hospital. The group comprised 13 male and 15 female patients. They ranged in age from 2 months to 8 years[mean 18.6months] and in weight from 3. 4kg to 23kg[mean 9.0$\pm$4.6kg]. They were analysed as Rastelli type A in 17 patients, Rastelli type B in 2 patients, and Rastelli type C in 9 patients. Seven patients had concomitant Down`s syndrome. All patients had large left-to-right shunt[mean pulmonary to systemic flow ratio 3.5 $\pm$2.2 ranging from 0.68 to 10.0] and high pulmonary systolic pressure[mean 74$\pm$18.8mmHg, ranging from 35 to 110]. In 11 patients, one patch technique was used to close the atrial and ventricular septal defect and 16 patients were undergone by two patch technique. We urgently managed only one patient by pulmonary artery banding whose anatomy was Rastelli type C and severe mitral regurgitation was identified. Postoperative complete A - V block was noted in 3 patients, two of whom were dead in operating room due to combined LVOTO and myocardial failure, and one patient with Rastelli type C was undergone by VVI type permanent pacemaker insertion 1wk later after two patch technique, but we had to manage him by modified Konno operation and total correction due to LVOTO and VSD leakage and severe mitral regurgitation 3 years later. Another two reoperation cases due to severe mitral regurgitation after two patch technique were undergone, one of whom we managed by mitral annuloplasty 3 months later but aggravated mitral regurgitation made us to control him by MVR 3 months later. Another one case of VSD leakage and tricuspid regurgitation was managed by total correction but she died of respiratory insufficiency 14 days later. We experienced pulmonary hypertensive crisis in 3 patients, who were dead in two cases comparing with one control case. So operative mortality is 9/27[33.6%], in one patch group of 3/11[29.2%] comparing with two patch group of 6/16[37.5%]. In summary, causes of death were pump weaning failure, myocardial failure and low cardiac output syndrome and pulmonary hypertensive crisis, resp. failure, complete AV block. Mean follow up period is 15.8$\pm$10.7 months[ranging from 3months to 37 months]

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.283-287
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• 1985

Seven patients had undergone repair of endocardial cushion defect from Jan. 1977 to Dec. 1984 at National Medical Center. Most patients had no associated anomalies except one who had PFO, and mortality case was absent. Five patients had partial ECD and two had complete ECD [Rastelli type A]. In P-ECD patients, the atrial septal defect was closed with patch in all cases and mitral cleft was approximated with 2-3 direct stitches. In two cases of C-ECD, atrial and ventricular septal defect was closed with single patch in one case and atrial septal defect was closed with patch but ventricular septal defect was closed with patch but ventricular septal defect was closed it direct suture in the other case. Atrioventricular cleft was approximated with 2-3 direct sutures. Postop. transient A-V block was noted in 2 cases but returned to regular sinus rhythm after 2 to 6 months.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.192-200
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• 1990

The results of conventional operative resection of diffuse subaortic stenosis[tunnel subaortic stenosis] have been less than satisfactory. We have performed modified Konno operation to enlarge the outflow tract of both ventricle with a patch in three patients with diffuse tunnel subaortic stenosis in the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Children`s Hospital. Preoperative left ventricular aortic pressure gradients were 135 mmHg, 50 mmHg, 80 mmHg respectively in these patients. After right ventriculotomy, the septotomy was done and extended beyond the limit of the stenosis and fibrous and/or muscular tissue was removed from each edge of septal incision. After adequate widening of the tunnel subaortic stenosis with various patches, right ventricle was closed primarily or with prosthetic patches successfully. One patient who was diagnosed as complete atrioventricular septal defect had complete AV block preoperatively and was implanted permanent pacemaker, and others who were sinus rhythm preoperatively have no serious postoperative rhythm disturbance. One patient developed mild postoperative aortic insufficiency and one who had preoperative aortic insufficiency has still same grade of aortic insufficiency after operation. All had good postoperative hemodynamics without any postoperative residual pressure gradient.