• International Journal of Railway
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.80-84
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper was to review Intelligent Compaction (IC) techniques, which is regarded relatively new to the railroad roadbed construction activity. Most of civil structures are built on roadbed that supposed to provide adequate load bearing support to the upper structure through the qualified compaction process. However, it is not uncommon for structure failure attributed to inadequate compaction control take place in field sites. Unlike traditional compaction control method to check field density at several locations, IC techniques continuously measure various compaction quality indices that represent compaction uniformity. In this paper, a series of literature review relevant to IC techniques was conducted to provide concise summary on the following categories: 1) background of IC technique; 2) Summary of IC vendors and basic principles; 3) modeling of IC behavior, and 4) case study along with correlation between IC with other measurements. In summary, IC technologies seem to be promising in future railroad construction to achieve better compaction quality control so that the serviceability of railroad can be ensured with minimizing rehabilitation and maintenance activities.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1143-1151
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• 2018

Loess often causes problems when used as a filling material in the construction of foundations. Therefore, the compaction technique, shear behavior, and bearing capacity of a filled foundation should be carefully considered. A series of tests was performed in this study to obtain effective compaction techniques and construction parameters. The results indicated that loess is strongly sensitive to water. Thus, the soil moisture content should be kept within 12%-14% when it is used as a filling material. The vibrating-dynamic combination compaction technique is effective and has fewer limitations than other methods. In addition, the shear strength of the compacted loess was found to increase linearly with the degree of compaction, and the soil's compressibility decreased rapidly with an increase in the degree of compaction when the degree of compaction was less than 95%. Finally, the characteristic value of the bearing capacity increased with an increase in the degree of compaction in a ladder-type way when the degree of compaction was within 92%-95%. Based on the test data, this paper could be used as a reference in the selection of construction designs in similar engineering projects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.987-988
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• 2006

The processes of P/M affect the properties of sintered gears. The different techniques of P/M lead to the different properties of sintered gears. This paper summarizes new progress in powder metallurgy for sintered gears. These progresses include warm compaction, high velocity compaction, sinter hardening, high temperature sintering, infiltration, CNC powder press and surface densification etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.731-732
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• 2006

Recently warm compaction techniques are focused on and commercialization of one high-density compaction process in the P/M industry. Another development is a new SEGLESS using a developed lubricant that reduces ejection force at room temperature compaction. It is possible to achieve high-density by reducing lubricant amount. In this paper we confirmed that green density was $7.35g/cm^3$ at 686MPa of compaction pressure when the new SEGLESS was applied to relatively lower temperature warm compaction process, such as $80^{\circ}C$.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2016

Objectives: The goal of this study was to compare the density of gutta-percha root fillings obturated with the following techniques: cold lateral (CL) compaction, ultrasonic lateral (UL) compaction, and warm vertical (WV) compaction. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three extracted mandibular first molars, with two separate mesial canals in each, were selected. After instrumentation, the canals were stratified into three groups based on canal length and curvature, and underwent obturation with one of the techniques. No sealer was used in order to avoid masking any voids. The teeth were imaged pre- and post-obturation using micro-computed tomography. The reconstructed three-dimensional images were analyzed volumetrically to determine the amount of gutta-percha present in every 2 mm segment of the canal. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: The overall mean volume fraction of gutta-percha was $68.51{\pm}6.75%$ for CL, $86.56{\pm}5.00%$ for UL, and $88.91{\pm}5.16%$ for WV. Significant differences were found between CL and UL and between CL and WV (p < 0.05), but not between UL and WV (p = 0.526). The gutta-percha density of the roots treated with WV and UL increased towards the coronal aspect, but this trend was not noted in the CL group. Conclusions: WV compaction and UL compaction produced a significantly denser gutta-percha root filling than CL compaction. The density of gutta-percha was observed to increase towards the coronal aspect when the former two techniques were used.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.31 no.1 s.114
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• pp.24-32
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• 2006

Compaction is becoming a greater concern in crop production and the environment because it can have deleterious effects on growing conditions that are difficult to remediate. Because compaction can vary considerably from point to point within a field, and also from depth to depth within the soil profile, it is important to consider quantification and management of the spatial and vertical variability in soil compaction when developing an overall site-specific crop management plan. In this paper, the importance of soil compaction, techniques for quantification of its variability, and the concept of site-specific tillage are examined. Methods and systems to detect within-field variation in soil strength as a surrogate measure of soil compaction and related soil properties are also compared and discussed. Quantification of variability in soil compaction and site-specific compaction management was motivated recently, and sensors and control systems are still under development. Future study will need to address a number of issues related to understanding and applying the sensor measurements.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.11
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• pp.2027-2034
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• 2008

There are concerns on possible health effects from exposure to electromagnetic fields. One reflection of this concerns is the considerable controversy, delay, and cost increases involved in the construction of power lines and facilities. To cope with such challenges, in this paper we investigated magnetic fields reduction techniques such as general compaction, in' span compaction, cruciform, vertical, 3 way splits phase, and 4way splits phase. As results, we found general compaction and 4 way splits phase could reduce magnetic fields up to 90%, while cruciform, vertical, and 3 way splits phase gave lower reduction rates of 30% because these configurations were similar to a current type of low reactance arrangement. We also knew 1 spacer in span compaction was appropriate in Korea in view of effectiveness and economy.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2005

Nano Fe-6.5wt%Si powders have been synthesized by mechano-chemical process (MCP) for an application of soft magnetic core. Owing to hard and brittle characteristics of Fe-6.5Si nano powders having large surface area, it is very difficult to reach high density more than 70% of theoretical density (~7.4 g/$cm_3$) by cold compaction. To overcome such problem a magnetic pulsed compaction (MPC), which is one of dynamic compaction techniques, was applied. The green density was achieved about 78% (~5.8 g/$cm_3$) by MPC at room temperature.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.217-227
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• 2019

This study focuses on an improved prediction model to determine the limiting grouting pressure of compaction grouting considering the ground surface upheaval, which is caused by the three-dimensional conical shearing failure. The 2D-dimensional failure curve in Zou and Xia (2016) was improved to a three-dimensional conical shearing failure for compaction grouting through coordinate rotation. The process of compaction grouting was considered as the cavity expansion in infinite Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) soil mass. The prediction model of limiting grouting pressure of compaction grouting was proposed with limit equilibrium principle, which was validated by comparing the results in El-Kelesh et al. (2001) and numerical method. Furthermore, using the proposed prediction model, the vertical and horizontal grouting tube techniques were adopted to deal with the subgrade settlement in Shao-huai highway at Hunan Provence of China. The engineering applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model were verified by the field test. The research on the prediction model for the limiting grouting pressure of compaction grouting provides practical example to the rapid treatment technology of subgrade settlement.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2011

In this study, a series of soil concrete mixtures were tested for the compressive strength according to ratio of aggregate to binder, compaction energy, maximum aggregate size, ratio of silica fume to cement, and ratio of water to binder. The optimum mixing ratio of soil concrete mixtures composed of volcaniclastic, cement, silica fume, concrete polymer and water were analysed. The test results for optimum proportion were as follows ; (1)ratio of aggregate to binder was 4 : 1, (2)compaction energy level was level 2, (3)maximum aggregate size was 13 mm, (4)ratio of silica fume to cement was 10%, (5)ratio of water to binder was 25%. Also, dry type construction techniques were applied using the optimum soil concrete mixture. From the results of this study, the compressive strength of soil concrete and construction techniques were suitable for making eco-friendly soil pavement.