• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2008

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant forms of human genetic variations and resources for mapping complex genetic traits and disease association studies. We have constructed a linkage disequilibrium (LD) map of chromosome 22 in Korean samples and compared it with those of other populations, including Yorubans in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) reference families (CEU), Japanese in Tokyo (JPT) and Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB) in the HapMap database. We genotyped 4681 of 111,448 publicly available SNPs in 90 unrelated Koreans. Among genotyped SNPs, 4167 were polymorphic. Three hundred and five LD blocks were constructed to make up 18.6% (6.4 of 34.5 Mb) of chromosome 22 with 757 tagSNPs and 815 haplotypes (frequency $\geq$ 5.0%). Of 3430 common SNPs genotyped in all five populations, 514 were monomorphic in Koreans. The CHB + JPT samples have more than a 72% overlap with the monomorphic SNPs in Koreans, while the CEU + YRI samples have less than a 38% overlap. The patterns of hot spots and LD blocks were dispersed throughout chromosome 22, with some common blocks among populations, highly concordant between the three Asian samples. Analysis of the distribution of chimpanzee-derived allele frequency (DAF), a measure of genetic differentiation, Fst levels, and allele frequency difference (AFD) among Koreans and the HapMap samples showed a strong correlation between the Asians, while the CEU and YRI samples showed a very weak correlation with Korean samples. Relative distance as a quantitative measurement based upon DAF, Fst, and AFD indicated that all three Asian samples are very proximate, while CEU and YRI are significantly remote from the Asian samples. Comparative genome-wide LD studies provide useful information on the association studies of complex diseases.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-24
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• 1991

To elucidate the actual vegetation of Nature Ecology Conservation area in Mt. Chiri, forest communities were classified phytosoclologically by species composition and phsiognomy. There included 13 forests ranging from temperate-cool zone to sub-cold zone in the surveyed area. Actual vegetation map was drawn on the basis of classified forest communities. The forest communities classified in the area were summarized as follows ; 1. Querus serrata community 2. Carpinus laxiflora community 3. Q. serrata-C. laxiflora community 4. Stewartia koreana community 5. Acer mono community 6. Carpinus cordata community 7. Fraxinus mandshurica community 8. Carpinus tschonoskii community 9. Pinus densiflora community 10. Querus mongolica Community 1) Rhododendron schlippenachii subcommunity 2) Lenedeza maximowiczii subcommunity 11. Abies nephrolepis community 12. Abies koreana community 1) Querus mongolica subcommunity 2) Pinus koraienis subcommunity 13. Rhododendron schlippenbachii community Among above forest communities, Querus serrata community distributed from 700m to 1,000m in the ridges, Carpinus laxiflora community in the valleys, Quercus mongolica community from 1,000m to 1,400m, and Abies koreana community and Abies nephrolepis community from 1,400m to 1,700m.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.165-173
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• 1987

Odong Island, Yeosu, is the one of the Hallyosudo National Marine Park. The vegetation of this island was surveed from July, 1986 through April, 1987. By the Braun-Blanquet's method, the vegetation of Odong Island was classified into 7 communities and 4 afforestations; that is, Pseudosasa japonica community and Phyllostachys bambusoides afforestation (bamboo stands), Mallotus japonicus, Quercus acutissima community, Prunus serrulata var. spontanes and Celtis sinenesis afforestation (deciduous forests), Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii community, Chamaecyparis pisifera afforestation (evergreen needle-leaved forests), and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Camellia japonica and Machilus thunbergii-Camellia japonica community (evergreen broad-leaved forests). Based on the classification, the actual vegetation map of the island was prepared in scale 1:2,600. Judging by the DBH class distribution and many other informations, ww can expect that the coniferous forests area of the island will be replaced by evergreen broad-lea ed forests after a few future.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2015

When people go to travel, sometimes one writes many articles about the destination. Existing travel information services such as Blog, Internet Cafe, and SNS are difficult to provide realistic information since the provided information may not be a place directly on the road. This paper presents a travel information system including recommended courses, theme courses, and travel map. In addition, the proposed system can provide the functions of writing, reading, and deleting a message note that stores the travel information based on the augmented reality if a defined marker among the community members is recognized in a smartphone App. Therefore, this paper can present an implementation method for new community system using augmented reality and image processing as well as providing the conventional travel information services, and allows the user to take advantage of the realistic and accurate information.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.373-380
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• 2022

The field of land surveying is changing dramatically due to the way data is processed, analyzed and presented. Also, there is a growing demand for digital spatial information, coming primarily from the GIS (Geographical Information System) user community. Such a demand has created a strong development potential for a new land surveying software. An overview of the development and capabilities of a land surveying software platform based on the Windows system, SurveyingMap, is presented. Among its many features, SurveyingMap provides a lot of adaptability for networks adjustment, geodetic and plane coordinates transformation, contouring, sectioning, DTM (Digital Terrain Model) generation, and large scale mapping applications. The system output is compatible with well known computer aided drafting (CAD) /GIS packages to expand its scope of applications. SurveyingMap is also suitable for non-technical users due to the user-friendly graphic user interface. The system could be used in engineering, architecture, GIS, and academic teaching and research, among other fields. Two applications of SurveyingMap, extension of field control and large scale mapping, for the case study area are established. The results demonstrate that the system is adaptable and reasonably priced for use by college and university students.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.46-61
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate a vegetation structure around Tongdosa temple forest and provincial park and to provide preliminary data. In order to look over the vegetation status, an actual vegetation map was drawn around study area. Vegetation structure survey was carried out for 6 representative communities of actual vegetation which were Quercus variavilis community, Carpinus tschonoskii community, Pinus densiflora community, P. densiflora-Broadleaf deciduous Forest community, Q. mongolica community and Broadleaf deciduous Forest community. The area of the Tongdosa district measured $29,202,262m^2$. Actual vegetation type were divided into 35 types, and the ratio of Q. variavilis community was 32.35 % ($9,447,932m^2$). To investigate the structure of 6 representative communities, 58 plots were set up and unit area plots measured $100m^2$. The estimated age of the forest is 50~100-years-old and the oldest tree P. densiflora is 113-years-old.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.307-321
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• 1995

Division of ecoregions having respective functions was attempted through quantitative and qualitative analysis on vegetation diversity, and heterogeneity and on soil environment of the study sites. Field research was carried out in a square of 81 ㎢ around Andongpo (126°38'E, 37°30'N), Kimpo-gun, Kyonggi provice. Conventional methods applied are as follows: classical syntaxonomy by the Zurich-Montpellier School, interpolation method to determine the degree of diversity, heterogeneity and distribution pattern of vegetation, and correlation analysis between soil properties and plant communities. 41 plant communities were identified and composed of 6 forests, 4 mantle and 31 herb communities including 6 saltmarsh plant communities. In a mesh, number of plant communities was highly correlated to the number of species. The highest number of plant community and species was 25 communities·km-2·mesh-1 and 381 species· km-2·mesh-1 ,and the highest value of vegetation heterogeneity was 28.1 species· community-1·mesh-1. Their lowest numbers were 4 communities·km-2·mesh-1. and 28 species·km-2·mesh-1. and 7 species·community-1·mesh-1, respectively. Contour map on vegetation diversity and heterogeneity enabled us to establish two regions; coastal and inland vegetation. Isoline 〔150〕,〔10〕and〔10〕and〔15〕on the species diversity, the community diversity and the vegetation heterogeneity, respectively, were regarded as ecolines in the study area. Cl- content was recognized as the most important factor from correlation analysis between soil properties. Ordination of sites indicated that the study area be divided into two edaphic types: inland and coastal habitats. It was considered that the extent of desalinization in soil played a major role in determining the species composition in the reclamed area. By matching edaphic division of habitats with division of vegetation structures, designation of ecoregion was endorsed. The approach of current study was suggested as an effective tool to implement an assessment of the vegetation dynamics by the disparity of natural environment and anthropogenic interferences.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.791-797
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• 1998

An attempt to clarify the landscape structure of urban areas was carried out on Mt. Hwangryung located in the center of Pusan, southern Korea. By means of aerial photographs and field survey, a vegetation map including land-use pattern was made. Landscape structure was described by analyzing the vegetation map. Landscape element types were classified into secondary forest, introduced plantation, and other elements including urbanized area. almus firma and Pinus thunbergii communities, introduced plantation elements, formed matrix and some secondary forest elements and the other artificial plantations of small scale tended to distribute as small patches in such matrix. The number of patches per unit area in secondary forest elements was more than that in introduced plantation element. The result on patech size was vice versa. As the results of landscape ecological analyses, it was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to artificial interference and those in sub-communities levels to natural process such as progression of succession. On the other hand, restoration plans in viewpoints of restoration and landscape ecology were suggested to improve ecological quality of Mt. hwangryung.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-109
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• 2014

This study aims to develop a rich understanding of user goals in user-empowering information technologies which have been dominating part in the information systems environment. A particular focus is on users' goals in a social network site (SNS) which is a typical example of user-empowering technologies. Users conduct various activities in order to achieve diverse goals in SNS. Thus, investigating what goals users pursue in SNS will give insights into understanding the users. We employed the laddering interview technique and means-end chain approach. Interviews of 50 Facebook users were analyzed to produce a hierarchical goal map showing users' goal structure. The map contains 18 goals, including self-reflection, psychological stability, belongingness, improving productivity, and amusement as ultimate goals in SNS. In the map, there are varied routes from activities to ultimate goals in SNS; that is, a complex assembly consisting of activities and goals. The findings call the information systems research community to have more interests in diverse goals and values users seek with technologies.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1053-1061
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the influencing factors of community scaling rate using community health survey data. Methods: The data were extracted from 2013 Community Health Survey, Ministry of education, Korea Dental Association, Statistics Korea, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, and Ministry of the Interior. The resource factors of independent variables were analysed by Geographical Information System(GIS) using Map Wizard for Excel 17.0. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis(p<0.05). Results: Seocho-gu in Seoul had the highest annual scaling rate(55.5%) and Goheung-gun had the lowest rate(11%) showing 44.5 percent gap. The influencing factors of scaling included the number of dental hygienists(r=0.316), dentists(r=0.332), dental hospitals(r=0.470), high school graduation rate(r=0.757) and equivalence scales household income(r=0.764)(p<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that community scaling rate was closely associated with community education level and monthly income(p<0.05). Conclusions: Community scaling rate was closely related to the community education and income level. It is necessary to provide the equal distribution of the oral health service to the community society.