신갈나무와 굴참나무의 수간부후와 흉고직경 및 임령 관계 (Effect of Tree DBH and Age on Stem Decay in Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis)
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- 한국산림과학회지
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- 제109권4호
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- pp.492-503
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- 2020
본 연구는 우리나라 전역에 분포하고 있는 대표적 활엽수인 신갈나무와 굴참나무 5,005본을 벌채·수집하여 수간의 부후 조사를 실시하였다. 전국적으로 5개 대권역 27개 지역 소권역별로 분포면적 대비 표본수를 고르게 할당하여 신갈나무 2,504본, 굴참나무 2,501본을 공시목으로 선정하여 벌채 후, 그루터기의 부후조사를 상흔(상처흔적), 조직고사 및 탈색, 할렬, 동공의 4가지 형태로 조사하였다. 부후율은 신갈나무가 66.1%, 굴참나무가 31.5%로 신갈나무가 굴참나무에 비하여 두 배 이상 높았다(p < 0.001). 지역별 비교에서 신갈나무는 중부청(76.5%), 북부청(74.8%), 동부청(65.7%), 굴참나무는 북부(38.6%), 남부(37.8%), 동부청(32.9%) 권역 순으로 나타났으며, 두 수종 모두 5개 대권역 간에는 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p < 0.05, p < 0.001). 또한 수간부후는 두 수종 모두 직경의 증가에 따라서 역시 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며(p < 0.001, p < 0.05), 수령에 따른 수간부후도 대체적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 신갈나무에서만 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 부후형태는 직경과 수령이 증가할수록 신갈나무는 대부분 조직고사 및 탈색의 부후형태 단계, 굴참나무는 상흔단계를 보이고 있었다.
이 연구는 국립축산과학원 가금연구소에서 보유하고 있는 토종닭 순계 12계통의 육성기 성장능력을 파악하기 위해 생시(0주령)부터 16주령까지 2주 간격으로 체중, 증체량을 측정하고, 성장곡선을 추정하여 제시하였다. 각 주령별 체중에 대한 성별 효과와 계통 효과는 전 기간에서 각각 유의적인 차이를 보였으며 전 기간 체중은 수컷이 암컷보다 유의적으로 무겁게 나타났다. 계통별 체중 차이는 코니쉬 품종과 그 외 품종으로 구분되어 나타났고, 코니쉬 품종이 생시 체중을 제외하고 다른 품종에 비해 약 2배 정도 체중이 무거운 경향을 보였다. 증체량의 경우 생시부터 6주령까지 증체량이 빠르게 증가하는 경향과 이후 피크에 도달하고 12주령부터 14주령까지 기간에 증체량이 감소하는 경향은 모든 성별과 계통에서 공통적으로 나타났다. 그러나 성별과 계통에 따라 증체량의 피크 도달 시점과 횟수의 차이를 보였다. 주령별 체중 간 상관분석 결과, 토종닭 시장 출하 주령인 10주령과 8주령 체중에서 가장 높은 표현형 상관계수를 나타났다. 증체량과 증체량 간의 상관분석 결과는 0-2주령 증체량과 2~4주령 증체량 간 표현형 상관계수를 제외하고 -0.16에서 0.29로 낮은 표현형 상관을 보였다. 성장곡선 모형의 결정계수와 수정된 결정계수는 99.1~99.9로 계통과 성별에 상관없이 모두 높은 적합도를 나타냈다. 그러나 각 모형별 적합도는 성별과 계통에 따라 차이가 나타났다. 암컷의 성장 곡선은 D계통을 제외한 모든 계통에서 Von Betalanffy 모형이 가장 높은 적합도를 보였다. 반면에 수컷의 성장 곡선은 C계통을 제외한 모든 계통에서 Gompertz 모형이 가장 높은 적합도를 보였다. Logistic 모형은 모든 성별과 계통에서 모든 모형 중 가장 낮은 모형 적합도를 보였다. 성숙체중(α)의 경우 모든 성별과 계통에서 Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, Logistic 모형 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 성장비(β)와 성숙률(γ)은 Logistic, Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy 모형 순으로 높게 나타났다. 성장곡선 모수인 α, β, γ는 암컷보다 수컷에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 이 연구에서 수행한 가금연구소 보유 토종닭 순계 12계통의 육성기 성장 특성은 향후 토종닭 종계, 실용계를 생산하기 위한 교배조합 시험 설계와 순계의 개량방향, 그리고 사료 제한급이를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.
We frequently use search engines to find relevant information in the Web but still end up with too much information. In order to solve this problem of information overload, ranking algorithms have been applied to various domains. As more information will be available in the future, effectively and efficiently ranking search results will become more critical. In this paper, we propose a ranking algorithm for the Semantic Web resources, specifically RDF resources. Traditionally, the importance of a particular Web page is estimated based on the number of key words found in the page, which is subject to manipulation. In contrast, link analysis methods such as Google's PageRank capitalize on the information which is inherent in the link structure of the Web graph. PageRank considers a certain page highly important if it is referred to by many other pages. The degree of the importance also increases if the importance of the referring pages is high. Kleinberg's algorithm is another link-structure based ranking algorithm for Web pages. Unlike PageRank, Kleinberg's algorithm utilizes two kinds of scores: the authority score and the hub score. If a page has a high authority score, it is an authority on a given topic and many pages refer to it. A page with a high hub score links to many authoritative pages. As mentioned above, the link-structure based ranking method has been playing an essential role in World Wide Web(WWW), and nowadays, many people recognize the effectiveness and efficiency of it. On the other hand, as Resource Description Framework(RDF) data model forms the foundation of the Semantic Web, any information in the Semantic Web can be expressed with RDF graph, making the ranking algorithm for RDF knowledge bases greatly important. The RDF graph consists of nodes and directional links similar to the Web graph. As a result, the link-structure based ranking method seems to be highly applicable to ranking the Semantic Web resources. However, the information space of the Semantic Web is more complex than that of WWW. For instance, WWW can be considered as one huge class, i.e., a collection of Web pages, which has only a recursive property, i.e., a 'refers to' property corresponding to the hyperlinks. However, the Semantic Web encompasses various kinds of classes and properties, and consequently, ranking methods used in WWW should be modified to reflect the complexity of the information space in the Semantic Web. Previous research addressed the ranking problem of query results retrieved from RDF knowledge bases. Mukherjea and Bamba modified Kleinberg's algorithm in order to apply their algorithm to rank the Semantic Web resources. They defined the objectivity score and the subjectivity score of a resource, which correspond to the authority score and the hub score of Kleinberg's, respectively. They concentrated on the diversity of properties and introduced property weights to control the influence of a resource on another resource depending on the characteristic of the property linking the two resources. A node with a high objectivity score becomes the object of many RDF triples, and a node with a high subjectivity score becomes the subject of many RDF triples. They developed several kinds of Semantic Web systems in order to validate their technique and showed some experimental results verifying the applicability of their method to the Semantic Web. Despite their efforts, however, there remained some limitations which they reported in their paper. First, their algorithm is useful only when a Semantic Web system represents most of the knowledge pertaining to a certain domain. In other words, the ratio of links to nodes should be high, or overall resources should be described in detail, to a certain degree for their algorithm to properly work. Second, a Tightly-Knit Community(TKC) effect, the phenomenon that pages which are less important but yet densely connected have higher scores than the ones that are more important but sparsely connected, remains as problematic. Third, a resource may have a high score, not because it is actually important, but simply because it is very common and as a consequence it has many links pointing to it. In this paper, we examine such ranking problems from a novel perspective and propose a new algorithm which can solve the problems under the previous studies. Our proposed method is based on a class-oriented approach. In contrast to the predicate-oriented approach entertained by the previous research, a user, under our approach, determines the weights of a property by comparing its relative significance to the other properties when evaluating the importance of resources in a specific class. This approach stems from the idea that most queries are supposed to find resources belonging to the same class in the Semantic Web, which consists of many heterogeneous classes in RDF Schema. This approach closely reflects the way that people, in the real world, evaluate something, and will turn out to be superior to the predicate-oriented approach for the Semantic Web. Our proposed algorithm can resolve the TKC(Tightly Knit Community) effect, and further can shed lights on other limitations posed by the previous research. In addition, we propose two ways to incorporate data-type properties which have not been employed even in the case when they have some significance on the resource importance. We designed an experiment to show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm and the validity of ranking results, which was not tried ever in previous research. We also conducted a comprehensive mathematical analysis, which was overlooked in previous research. The mathematical analysis enabled us to simplify the calculation procedure. Finally, we summarize our experimental results and discuss further research issues.
연구배경: 결핵은 아직 우리나라에서 중요한 질병중 하나이고, 기관지결핵은 진단이 용이하지 않고, 기도협착등 합병증을 초래하여 임상적으로 중요성이 인식되어 왔으나 적절한 치료법이 확립되어 있지 않고, 각 보고자마다 내시경적 분류를 다르게 하고 있다. 이에 저자들은 1991년1월 부터 1996년 4월간 한양대학교 부속병원에서 기관지결핵으로 진단된 201예를 대상으로 기관지결핵의 임상상을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 1991년 1월 부터 1996년 4월 까지 한양대학교 부속병원에서 기관지내시경으로 기관지결핵으로 진단된 201예를 대상으로 임상상에 대한 후향적 분석을 하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 결과: 1) 총 기관지내시경을 실시한 1031예 중 기관지결핵으로 진단된 환자는 201예 (19.5%)였고, 이중 남자 55예, 여자 146예로 여자가 남자에 비해 2.7배 많았다. 연령분포는 20-29세가 61예(30.3%)로 가장 많았으며, 30-39세가 40예(19.9%), 50-59세가 27예(13.4%), 40-49세가 21예(10.4%), 15-19세가 19예(9.5%), 60-69세가 19예(9.5%), 70세 이상이 14예(7.0 %) 순이었다. 2) 증상 및 증후로는 기침 74.5%과 객담 55.2%이 가장 많았으며, 호흡곤란 28.6%, 흉통 19.8%, 발열감 17.2%, 천명음 15.6% 객혈 11.5%순이었다. 3) 방사선 소견으로는 침윤 67.7%, 허탈 43.9%, 동공형성 11.6%, 흉막삼출 7.4% 순이었고, 정상인 예도 6예(3.2%)이었다. 침범부위는 좌상폐야 39.7%, 우상폐야 36.0%, 우중폐야 24.3%, 좌하폐야 21.2%, 좌중폐야 18.5%, 우하폐야 14.8% 순이었다. 4) 폐기능 검사를 실시한 76예의 결과는 정상소견이 44.7%, 제한성 양상이 39.5%, 폐쇄성 양상이 11.8%, 혼합형 양상이 3.9% 순이었다. 5) 기관지내시경 소견으로는 건락성 물질인 백색의 가막형성의 건락성 가막형이 70예 (34.8%)로 가장 많았으며, 점막의 발적 및 부종의 점막형이 54예(26.9%), 과형성성 소견의 파형성형이 52예(25.9%), 섬유화에 의한 협착소견의 섭유화 협착형이 22예(10.9%), 그리고 미란이나 궤양의 궤양형이 3예(1.5%) 순이었다. 6) 각 검사별 양성률은 기관지세척액에서 도말항산균 양성률이 51.2%, 배양양성이 27.4%, 기관지정 조직검사에서 항산균 양성률이 36.4% 항산균이 없는 육아종소견이 13.1%, 만성 염증소견이 36.4%, 확진을 못한 경우가 14.1%였다. 건락성 가막형의 조직검사 검체에서 항산균의 발현과 기관지 세척액에서 결핵군 배양양성률이 각각 44예 중 24예(54.5%; P=0.013), 70예 중 29예(41.4 %; P=0.009)로 높게 나타났다. 결론: 젊은 여성에 있어서 일반 진해제에 잘 반응하지 않는 기침이 오랫동안 지속될시 흉부 액스선 검사가 정상이고, 객담 도말항산균 검사가 음성이더라도 기관지결핵을 의심해야 하고, 확진을 위한 기관지내시경을 실시하여야 한다. 그리고 치료에 반응이 좋지 않은 천식이나, 폐암의 발생이 높은 노년층에 있어서도 감별진단을 위하여 또한 기관지내시경을 실시하여야 한다. 향후 기관지내시경에 의한 기관지결핵의 통일된 분류 및 스테로이드의 항결핵제와의 병용이 기도협착에 미치는 효과에 대한 잘 설계된 대조군 설정의 전향적 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다.
Just before the Korean War, the total number of the North Korean troops was 198,380, while that of the ROK(Republic of Korea) army troops 105,752. That is, the total number of the ROK army troops at that time was 53.3% of the total number of the North Korean army. As of December 2008, the total number of the North Korean troops is estimated to be 1,190,000, while that of the ROK troops is 655,000, so the ROK army maintains 55.04% of the total number of the North Korean troops. If the ROK army continues to reduce its troops according to [Military Reform Plan 2020], the total number of its troops will be 517,000 m 2020. If North Korea maintains the current status(l,190,000 troops), the number of the ROK troops will be 43.4% of the North Korean army. In terms of units, just before the Korean War, the number of the ROK army divisions and regiments was 80% and 44.8% of North Korean army. As of December 2008, North Korea maintains 86 divisions and 69 regiments. Compared to the North Korean army, the ROK army maintains 46 Divisions (53.4% of North Korean army) and 15 regiments (21.3% of North Korean army). If the ROK army continue to reduce the military units according to [Military Reform Plan 2020], the number of ROK army divisions will be 28(13 Active Division, 4 Mobilization Divisions and 11 Local Reserve Divisions), while that of the North Korean army will be 86 in 2020. In that case, the number of divisions of the ROK army will be 32.5% of North Korean army. During the Korean war, North Korea suddenly invaded the Republic of Korea and occupied its capital 3 days after the war began. At that time, the ROK army maintained 80% of army divisions, compared to the North Korean army. The lesson to be learned from this is that, if the ROK army is forced to disperse its divisions because of the simultaneous invasion of North Korea and attack of guerrillas in home front areas, the Republic of Korea can be in a serious military danger, even though it maintains 80% of military divisions of North Korea. If the ROK army promotes the plans in [Military Reform Plan 2020], the number of military units of the ROK army will be 32.5% of that of the North Korean army. This ratio is 2.4 times lower than that of the time when the Korean war began, and in this case, 90% of total military power should be placed in the DMZ area. If 90% of military power is placed in the DMZ area, few troops will be left for the defense of home front. In addition, if the ROK army continues to reduce the troops, it can allow North Korea to have asymmetrical superiority in military force and it will eventually exert negative influence on the stability and peace of the Korean peninsular. On the other hand, it should be reminded that, during the Korean War, the Republic of Korea was attacked by North Korea, though it kept 53.3% of troops, compared to North Korea. It should also be reminded that, as of 2008, the ROK army is defending its territory with the troops 55.04% of North Korea. Moreover, the national defense is assisted by 25,120 troops of the US Forces in Korea. In case the total number of the ROK troops falls below 43.4% of the North Korean army, it may cause social unrest about the national security and may lead North Korea's misjudgement. Besides, according to Lanchester strategy, the party with weaker military power (60% compared to the party with stronger military power) has the 4.1% of winning possibility. Therefore, if we consider the fact that the total number of the ROK army troops is 55.04% of that of the North Korean army, the winning possibility of the ROK army is not higher than 4.1%. If the total number of ROK troops is reduced to 43.4% of that of North Korea, the winning possibility will be lower and the military operations will be in critically difficult situation. [Military Reform Plan 2020] rums at the reduction of troops and units of the ground forces under the policy of 'select few'. However, the problem is that the financial support to achieve this goal is not secured. Therefore, the promotion of [Military Reform Plan 2020] may cause the weakening of military defence power in 2020. Some advanced countries such as Japan, UK, Germany, and France have promoted the policy of 'select few'. However, what is to be noted is that the national security situation of those countries is much different from that of Korea. With the collapse of the Soviet Unions and European communist countries, the military threat of those European advanced countries has almost disappeared. In addition, the threats those advanced countries are facing are not wars in national level, but terrorism in international level. To cope with the threats like terrorism, large scaled army trops would not be necessary. So those advanced European countries can promote the policy of 'select few'. In line with this, those European countries put their focuses on the development of military sections that deal with non-military operations and protection from unspecified enemies. That is, those countries are promoting the policy of 'select few', because they found that the policy is suitable for their national security environment. Moreover, since they are pursuing common interest under the European Union(EU) and they can form an allied force under NATO, it is natural that they are pursing the 'select few' policy. At present, NATO maintains the larger number of troops(2,446,000) than Russia(l,027,000) to prepare for the potential threat of Russia. The situation of japan is also much different from that of Korea. As a country composed of islands, its prime military focus is put on the maritime defense. Accordingly, the development of ground force is given secondary focus. The japanese government promotes the policy to develop technology-concentrated small size navy and air-forces, instead of maintaining large-scaled ground force. In addition, because of the 'Peace Constitution' that was enacted just after the end of World War II, japan cannot maintain troops more than 240,000. With the limited number of troops (240,000), japan has no choice but to promote the policy of 'select few'. However, the situation of Korea is much different from the situations of those countries. The Republic of Korea is facing the threat of the North Korean Army that aims at keeping a large-scale military force. In addition, the countries surrounding Korea are also super powers containing strong military forces. Therefore, to cope with the actual threat of present and unspecified threat of future, the importance of maintaining a carefully calculated large-scale military force cannot be denied. Furthermore, when considering the fact that Korea is in a peninsular, the Republic of Korea must take it into consideration the tradition of continental countries' to maintain large-scale military powers. Since the Korean War, the ROK army has developed the technology-force combined military system, maintaining proper number of troops and units and pursuing 'select few' policy at the same time. This has been promoted with the consideration of military situation in the Koran peninsular and the cooperation of ROK-US combined forces. This kind of unique military system that cannot be found in other countries can be said to be an insightful one for the preparation for the actual threat of North Korea and the conflicts between continental countries and maritime countries. In addition, this kind of technology-force combined military system has enabled us to keep peace in Korea. Therefore, it would be desirable to maintain this technology-force combined military system until the reunification of the Korean peninsular. Furthermore, it is to be pointed out that blindly following the 'select few' policy of advanced countries is not a good option, because it is ignoring the military strategic situation of the Korean peninsular. If the Republic of Korea pursues the reduction of troops and units radically without consideration of the threat of North Korea and surrounding countries, it could be a significant strategic mistake. In addition, the ROK army should keep an eye on the fact the European advanced countries and Japan that are not facing direct military threats are spending more defense expenditures than Korea. If the ROK army reduces military power without proper alternatives, it would exert a negative effect on the stable economic development of Korea and peaceful reunification of the Korean peninsular. Therefore, the desirable option would be to focus on the development of quality of forces, maintaining proper size and number of troops and units under the technology-force combined military system. The tableau above shows that the advanced countries like the UK, Germany, Italy, and Austria spend more defense expenditure per person than the Republic of Korea, although they do not face actual military threats, and that they keep achieving better economic progress than the countries that spend less defense expenditure. Therefore, it would be necessary to adopt the merits of the defense systems of those advanced countries. As we have examined, it would be desirable to maintain the current size and number of troops and units, to promote 'select few' policy with increased defense expenditure, and to strengthen the technology-force combined military system. On the basis of firm national security, the Republic of Korea can develop efficient policies for reunification and prosperity, and jump into the status of advanced countries. Therefore, the plans to reduce troops and units in [Military Reform Plan 2020] should be reexamined. If it is difficult for the ROK army to maintain its size of 655,000 troops because of low birth rate, the plans to establish the prompt mobilization force or to adopt drafting system should be considered for the maintenance of proper number of troops and units. From now on, the Republic of Korean government should develop plans to keep peace as well as to prepare unexpected changes in the Korean peninsular. For the achievement of these missions, some options can be considered. The first one is to maintain the same size of military troops and units as North Korea. The second one is to maintain the same level of military power as North Korea in terms of military force index. The third one is to maintain the same level of military power as North Korea, with the combination of the prompt mobilization force and the troops in active service under the system of technology-force combined military system. At present, it would be not possible for the ROK army to maintain such a large-size military force as North Korea (1,190,000 troops and 86 units). So it would be rational to maintain almost the same level of military force as North Korea with the combination of the troops on the active list and the prompt mobilization forces. In other words, with the combination of the troops in active service (60%) and the prompt mobilization force (40%), the ROK army should develop the strategies to harmonize technology and forces. The Korean government should also be prepared for the strategic flexibility of USFK, the possibility of American policy change about the location of foreign army, radical unexpected changes in North Korea, the emergence of potential threat, surrounding countries' demand for Korean force for the maintenance of regional stability, and demand for international cooperation against terrorism. For this, it is necessary to develop new approaches toward the proper number and size of troops and units. For instance, to prepare for radical unexpected political or military changes in North Korea, the Republic of Korea should have plans to protect a large number of refugees, to control arms and people, to maintain social security, and to keep orders in North Korea. From the experiences of other countries, it is estimated that 115,000 to 230,000 troops, plus ten thousands of police are required to stabilize the North Korean society, in the case radical unexpected military or political change happens in North Korea. In addition, if the Republic of Korea should perform the release of hostages, control of mass destruction weapons, and suppress the internal wars in North Korea, it should send 460,000 troops to North Korea. Moreover, if the Republic of Korea wants to stop the attack of North Korea and flow of refugees in DMZ area, at least 600,000 troops would be required. In sum, even if the ROK army maintains 600,000 troops, it may need additional 460,000 troops to prepare for unexpected radical changes in North Korea. For this, it is necessary to establish the prompt mobilization force whose size and number are almost the same as the troops in active service. In case the ROK army keeps 650,000 troops, the proper number of the prompt mobilization force would be 460,000 to 500,000.