• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• 제13권
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• pp.39-71
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• 1986

Interlibrary loan has been a very common library service in the developed countries but it is yet to be actualized formerly in Korea. As Korea is moving toward an information society where all the individual user's request in the library should be met, we need to understand, in detail, the theory and practice of interlibrary loan service. As various information technology has been applied to the libraries, the libraries became the open system. Thus, the libraries become more cooperative, form networks, and make interlibrary loan service available. This study is based on the following three hypothesis formulated from the systems theory. 1. If libraries cooperate each other and form some kind of networks by mail, computers or telecommunications, they become the open system. 2. If a library develops as the open system, interlibrary loan becomes available in the library. 3. If the interlibrary loan system works, the role of the librarians will be changed. The research was carried out by analyzing the various studies about interlibrary loan service and by examining the interlibrary loan systerns presently working in the U.S.. The conclusions are reached deductively from the data. Some of the terminology used are defined as follows: System: a network of interrelated procedures that are joined together to perform an activity or to accomplish a specific objective. It is, in effect, all the ingredient which make up the whole. Cooperation: Working together to benefit participant libraries. Network: a much more structured type of cooperation in which definite regions or areas are connected by electronic or other means to promote interlibrary loaning of materials, in-service traing & other sharing of resources. Interlibrary loan: the lending of books between libraries. The model of cooperation or networks was used to be (1) a star type, (2) a hieranchical type, (3) a distributed type or (4) the combination of aforementioned three. However, the development of the telecommunications and computers enables all kinds of libraires cooperate together. Interlibrary loan service starts with the needs of user's information. The information have to be logically accessed through bibliographies, computers, electronic mails and satellite communications. And the logical access requires the information technology and the libraries become cooperative. The physical access to the information follows next but only traditional method of mail and some commercial service are currently available for this purpose. Therefore, researches are needed to develop this physical access. If the libraries form networks, the microaspect of library changes accordingly as the macroaspect changes. If the libraries . cooperate to become one large world library, the librarians plan, organize, control library operations and report the results. And the librarians work inside and outside of the library to cooperate with other libraries. Only the cooperation of the libraries will enhance interlibrary loan and the Korean librarians have to be prepared to accept the new role of librarianship for the interlibrary loan service.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.62-66
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• 2001

The thirteen commercial insecticides to Lycoriella mali were investigated on their insecticidal activities and mycelial growth of two Letinula edodes strains. For the adults, insecticides showing over 95% insecticidal activity were chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenthion, fenitrothion, benfuracarb, furathiocarb and deltamethrin. For tile larvae, diflubenzuron and cyromazine showed over 90% insecticidal activity. Fenthion, benfuracarb, furathiocarb, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine did not affect the mycelial growth of L. edodes strain, in Imhyup 1 variety. And deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine did not affect that in Sanlim-5. Insecticides showing over 80% residual effect for 14 days were benfuracarb to the adults and diflubenzuron and cyromazine to the larvae. Control effect of furathiocarb, fenthion, benfuracarb, deltamethrin, diflubenzuron and cyromazine against larvae of Lycoriella mali showed 90% ten days after application under sawdust cultivation. Among them, benfuracarb, fenthion and furathiocarb revealed excellent control effect against adults. These results indicate that benfuracarb, fenthion, and furathiocarb can be used for the control of Lycoriella mali in the field. However, further studies are needed on the effect of insecticides treatment oil fruit-body yield and chemical residue in the mushroom tissues.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2001

The in vitro plantlets of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz cv. MColl 22) could be regenerated from nodal explant cultures in a liquid MS basal medium containing 0.01 mg/L zeatin for 2 weeks. The plantlets of 1.5∼2.5 cm in shoot length were transplanted to a glass bottle containing fine sand and acclimated under non-sterile conditions after excising their intact roots by: 1) prune leaving roots base of 1∼1.5 cm; 2) complete removal of roots; and 3) cutting off the rooting zone. The majority of in vitro-formed intact roots continued growth after transferred to soil, and all of the damaged roots stopped further growth. The plantlets with excised roots began to develop new roots within 7∼10 days after being transferred to a glass bottle, and a few of the pruned roots developed lateral roots from the remaining portion. Pruning and removal of in vitro roots resulted in a high survival rate (>87%), and did not significantly affect ex vitro root regeneration and acclimation, but the plantlets in which the rooting zone had been cut-off showed 73% survival rate. Pruning or removal of in vitro roots before transfer of plantlets is recommended for useful method of commercial micropropagation because of easier handling and high survival rate of plantlets.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

This work was carried out to evaluate the feces and ileal digestibility of canola meal and wheat bran in ducks. Ninety Pekin ducks (6-week-old, average 3.4 kg) were divided into three treatments (6 replications/treatment, 5 birds/replication) by feedstuffs (basal diet, canola meal, and wheat bran) and were fed on these diets in individual metabolic cages for one week. After one week, the samples for analysis were collected from feces and ileum. On comparison of treatments and collected sites, the feces digestibility of basal diet was the highest among treatments on chemical compositions except crude protein and crude fat and ileal digestibility of canola meal was the lowest (P<0.01). On comparison of treatments, the digestibility of basal diet was higher and that of wheat bran was lower when compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The feces digestibility was lower than the ileal digestibility in crude protein (P<0.05) and crude fat (P<0.01). The digestibility of amino acid was the highest at feces of control group among treatments (P<0.01). No significant difference was detected in terms of digestibility of isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine among essential amino acids, and alanine, glycine and tyrosine among non-essential amino acids between control and wheat bran, and wheat bran and canola meal. However amino acid digestibility was higher in control group when compared to canola meal group (P<0.05). Other amino acid digestibilities were not significantly differ by treatments. These results may provide the basic data on amino acid digestibility of ducks to evaluate feedstuffs and to formulate optimum diet for commercial Pekin duck.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of various stocking densities on the growth performance of Korean native ducks. Twelve hundred day-old ducklings were reared for 50 days in a duck house (windowless, plastic wire-floor pen). Two weeks later, 852 of these ducks (350±30 g) were selected for at least 80% uniformity per stocking treatment (six treatments, four replications/treatment, depending on a stocking density of 4~9 birds m^-2). Experimental diets were corn-soybean-based and broiler ducks were grouped based on age [0~21 days of age (CP 21%, ME 2,900 kcal/kg) and 21~50 days of age (CP 17%, ME 3,100 kcal/kg)]. Body weight (BW) did not significantly differ among different aged treatment groups (P>0.05); however, uniformity decreased with higher stocking densities (P<0.05). Feed intake and feed conversion ratio of ducks aged 42~50 days significantly decreased in the T4-6 treatments compared with the T1-3 treatments (P<0.05). In all experimental periods, BW gain was not significantly different among treatments, but feed intake decreased significantly as the stocking density increased (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio was significantly different among six treatments with stocking density (P<0.05). In conclusion, we found that the stocking density of Korean native ducks in a plastic wire-floor pen was approximately 7 birds m^-2 in consideration of productivity and uniformity.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.158-163
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• 2014

In this study, two commercial PCR and ELISA test kits were examined for identification of eight animal species (beef, pork, chicken, duck, turkey, goat, lamb, and horse) from raw meat and meat products in Korea. The detection limit in RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on three types of meat samples blended with beef, pork and chicken, demonstrated that all meat species were differentiable down to 0.2%. RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on animal species resulted in differentiation rate of 94.5% for beef, 93.3% for pork, 90% for lamb, and 100% for chicken, duck, turkey, goat, and horse. In contrast, Powercheck Animal Species ID PCR kit$^{TM}$ resulted in 100% specificity at 0.05% limit of detection for all meat species. The detection limit of Cooked Meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on mixed meat samples heat-treated with different temperatures and times, resulted in 0.1% for all heat-treated mixed meat except for chicken at 1.0%. Additionally, ELISA kit on sixty meat products resulted in specificity of 31.8% for ham, 13.6% for sausages, and 12.5% for ground processed products, and relatively low rate for more than 2 types of mixed meats. On the contrary, meat species differentiation using PCR kit showed higher percentage than that using ELISA kit$^{(R)}$: 50.0% for ham, 41.7% for sausages, and 28.6% for ground processed meat. Futhermore, PCR kit on 54 dried beef meats detected pork genes in 13 products whereas ELISA kit showed negative results for all products. Hence, the possibility of cross-contamination during manufacturing process was investigated, and it was found that identical tumblers, straining trays, cutters and dryers were used in both beef and pork jerky production line, suggesting the inclusion of pork genes in beef products due to cross-contamination. In this study, PCR and ELISA test kits were found to be excellent methods for meat species differentiation in raw meat and heat-processed mixed meat. However, lower differentiation rate demonstrated in case of meat processed products raised the possibility of inclusion of other species due to cross-contamination during manufacturing process.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.51-55
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the muscle quality of the olive flounder fed on extruded pellet (EP) diets compared with a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in a commercial scale for a year. The sensory and physical qualities and palatable compounds were compared for evaluation of muscle quality in fish. Four diets were formulated for this experiment: two experimental EP diets (EP 1 and 2), one commercial EP diet (CEP) and MP diet. Crude lipid of fish fed EP1 and EP2 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed CEP, but not significantly different from that of fish fed MP (P>0.05). In the palatable compounds, the free amino acids composition were much alike in that of all the diets. Proline, glycine and alanine from fish fed diet EPs were the most abundant compound among amino acid compositions. There was little difference in the free amino acid compositions of all flounder from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. Taurine of fish fed EP1 was dominantly high over that of fish fed EP2, CEP and MP. In all nucleotides and their related compounds, ATP and IMP from fish fed EP diets were higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed MP. In the sensory score, overall-acceptability of fish fed EP2 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed EP1, CEP and MP. Hardness of physical properties from fish fed EP2 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed CEP (P<0.01). These results strongly suggest that diets EP could be developed to replace MP diet for the grow-out stage of olive flounder without adverse effect on growth performance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2013

This work was carried to evaluate effect of different raising periods on fatty acids and amino acids properties of Korean native commercial ducks. Korean native ducks (n = 90) from National Institute of Animal Science (RDA, Korea) were divided into 6 groups (15 birds/group) and were fed with meat-type duck diets for 8 wk old. When ducks grew at specific wk (6, 7 and 8 weeks), 2 ducks per group were slaughtered at 6, 7 and 8 wk old. Myristic acid (C14:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) of saturated fatty acid (SFA) were the highest and arachidonic acid of unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) was the lowest at the age of 6 weeks old (P<0.05) at the age of 6 weeks old among treatments. Stearic acid of SFA was the highest at the age of 7 weeks old among treatments. There was no significant difference on other fatty acids among treatments. SFA and USFA have significant difference at the age of 8 weeks (P<0.05). Histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine and threonine of essential amino acid increased with passing weeks (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on isoleucine and valine (P>0.05). Every non-essential amino acids were the highest at the age of 8 weeks among treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, fatty acid contents and amino acid contents increased until the age of 8 weeks old, but further research was needed because of deficiency of data to suggest the correct shipping time.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.226-233
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of dietary moisture level and storage temperature on lipid oxidation and fatty acids composition of the extruded pellet feed. The diets containing the moisture levels of 5%, 15% and 25% were prepared by adding moisture (water) to the commercial extruded pellets and stored at $5^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) and $35^{\circ}C$. The samples for analysis were collected at every 2 days for 10 days. Acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and fatty acid composition of the feeds were measured. No differences in the AV, POV and TBA value were observed in feed containing 5% moisture at all storage temperatures for 10 days. However, the AV, POV and TBA value of diets containing 15% and 25% moisture increased rapidly at $20^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ after 4 days. Fatty acids compositions of feeds containing 5% moisture did not change during the storage periods at $5^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. However, 5% moisture feed stored at $35^{\circ}C$ increased monoene fatty acid content and decreased the contents of polyene fatty acid, PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)/SFA (saturated fatty acid) and $(C_{20:5}+C_{22:6})/C_{16:0}$ after 4 days. Also, 15% moisture feed stored at $35^{\circ}C$ showed increased monoene fatty acid content and decreased $(C_{20:5}+C_{22:6})/C_{16:0}$ after 2 days. The diet containing 25% moisture showed increased monoene fatty acid content and decreased contents of PUFA, PUFA/SFA and $(C_{20:5}+C_{22:6})/C_{16:0}$ at all temperatures after 2 days. In this study, lipid oxidation can occur in the extruded pellet feeds of 15% and 25% moisture at room temperature after 2 days.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 1991

The thermal resistance of the important microorganisms in takju. Korean traditional turbid alcoholic beverage, was measured and optimun heating time and temperature to achieve the commercial pasteurization of these microorganisms were examined. Most of the vegetative bacterial cells in takju were destroyed by heating at over $60^{\circ}C$, except for the spore forming organisms, which did not actively grow in takju after pasteurization. The important microorganisms for the quality deterioration of pasteurized takju were then appeared to be yeast and molds, and their thermal resistances were measured. The thermal resistances of these microorganisms changed greatly depending upon the heating method. The D values of yeast in takju were 3.5 min at $65^{\circ}C$ and 0.46 min at $80^{\circ}C$ in cap-tube, and 7.1 sec at $65^{\circ}C$ and 2.3 sec at $80^{\circ}C$ in a continuous coil heat exchanger. Those of molds were 2.7 min at 65℃ and 0.25 min at $80^{\circ}C$ in cap-tube, and 3 sec at $65^{\circ}C$ and <1 sec at $80^{\circ}C$ in the coil heat exchanger. The acidity and pH did not change at $30^{\circ}C$ for two weeks after pasteurization by heating in the coil heat exchanger at $65^{\circ}C$ for 17 sec, but the viscosity increased slightly by the heat treatment. Significant differences in sensory quality, especially the formation of burnt smell and bitterness by heating takju for 12D of yeast at $70,\;80\;and\;85^{\circ}C$, respectively, were observed and this resulted in the significant reduction in overall likeness of pasteurized takju. However, when the heating temperature was fixed to $80^{\circ}C$, the overall likeness of pasteurized takju did not affected significantly by the heating time ranging from 8D to 12D of yeast. It was concluded that the optimum pasteurization condition of takju in a continuous heat exchanger was heating at $80^{circ}C$ for 23sec(10D of yeast).