• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.624-634
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to classify body types of elderly male aged between 60 and 80. 40 direct items and 22 indexes were measured. The result were as follows. First. through the factor analysis of indexes, 8 factors were extracted upon factor scores, 4 clusters represented characteristics of elderly male's body type. Type 1 indicates flat and bend-forward type. Type 2 indicates fat and bend-forward type. Type 3 indicates lean-back type and is a little bit fat and the waist is round. Type 4 indicates a straight type in which the chest and the hip are developed. Second, drop was needed to discriminate elderly male's body type. 3 types of drop were extracted. The body type with big drop is Y type in which the drop distance is between 14 and 22cm. The body type with standard drop is A type in which the drop distance is between 6 and 14cm. The body type with small drop is B type in which the drop distance is between -4 and 6cm. Third, when the types of appearance rate were combined, 7 body types of elderly male showed high appearance rate; A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, A4, B4. According to the above result, flat and bended-forward type with drop A was dominant body type of elderly male.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.72-85
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• 1983

Rice whitening is performed by basically two different whitening actions known as abrasive and frictional. The former adopted in the emery stone abrasive type whiteners and the latter in the jet-air friction type. Comparative milling yields and whitening efficiencies between the whitening system consisting of jet-air friction type whiteners only and the system consisting of both abrasive- and jet-air friction-types have not yet been rigorously defined. This study was to examine the effect of combined operations of abrasive- and jet-air friction-type rice whiteners on milling yields and whitening efficiencies. The small capacity commercial units of the abrasive- and friction-type whiteners were used for the experiments. The combinations of whitening treatments were: 1) Once in the abrasive type and then two to three times in the friction type, 2) twice in the abrasive and then two to three times in the friction type and 3) three to five times in friction type. In these tests, counter pressures for the friction type whiteners were established differently as required to get about the same degree of whitening at the end of predetermined numbers of the repeated operations. The speed of emery stone and the slot angle of the screen were also the factors varied in the abrasive type whitener. Sheukwang rice variety having 13.05% M.C. was used in the tests. The dependent variables were the milled- and head-rice recoveries and electricity consumption. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. It was found that in the whitening systems consisting of abrasive- and friction-type whiteners slot angle of the screen, the rotational speed of emery stone roller had significant effect on the milling yields and whitening efficiency. In general, the increase of the emery stone roller speed from 690 to 950 rpm presented a positive effect on milling yield, and one-pass abrasive milling combinations had higher milling yields than two-pass abrasive milling combinations. 2. It was apparent that if the slot angle of the screen and the speed of emery stone roller are modified and set at an optimum level, the combination whitening system consisting of abrasive- and friction-type whiteners is better than the pure frictional whitening system consisting of jet-air friction type in terms of milling yields and efficiencies. 3. In the rice whitening system consisting of abrasive- and jet-air friction-type whiteners, the best whitening performance was obtained when the slot angle of the screen and the rotational speed of emery stone roller were $45^{\circ}$ and 950rpm, respectively, for the one-pass abrasive milling combinations. However, for the two-pass abrasive mi11ing combinations, the best performance was obtained with $75^{\circ}$ of slot angle and 950 rpm of the emery stone roller speed. 4. As compared with pure frictional whitening systems, the combination systems produced more milled rice by 0.8-1.0% point and more head rice by 0.5-1.5% point, and consumed less electricity by 0.15-0.20 KwH per 100kg of milled rice when the abrasive whiteners were operated in the modified conditions as described in item 3 above. Further study is recommended to find out optimum operational and design conditions of abrasive type whiterners.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 2009

As the natural aggregates such as sand and clay are getting exhausted, the quantity of utilizing geosynthetics is being increased in the solid waste landfill. Especially, the waste landfills have been constructed at the gorge in the mountainous area and reclaimed land from the sea in the Korean Peninsula. Those areas are not favorable for construction of waste landfill in geotechnical engineering aspect. In this study, the frictional characteristics of geosynthetics that used in the waste landfill were estimated. Then, the studies of the behavior of geosynthetics and stability of LDCRS (Leachate Detection, Collection, and Removal System) of side slope were conducted in the waste landfill by means of the pilot test, and numerical analysis. Geocomposite which is combined type or separated type is influenced on the strain itself, and also implicated in the stress and strain of geomembrane at the lower layer. The strain on the combined type of geocomposite is about 50% smaller than that of the separated type at the side slope. The lateral displacement and settlement of top at the slope with the separated type are three times greater than that of the combined type. In the numerical analysis, discontinuous plans in between ground and geosynthetic, geosynthetic and geosynthetic, goesynthetic and waste have been modeled with the interface element. The results gave a good agreement with the field large-scale model test. The relative displacements of geosynthetics were also investigated and hence the interface modeling of liner system is appropriate for analysis of geosynthetics liner system in the waste landfill.

• KSTLE International Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2002

Sealing an oil-air mixture plays important roles to have an enhanced lubrication for high speed spindle. High speed spindle requires non-contact type of sealing mechanism. Current work emphases on the investigation of the air jet effect on the protective collar type labyrinth seal. To improve the sealing capability of conventional labyrinth seal, air jet was injected against through the leakage flow, It has a combined geometry of a protective collar type and an air jet type. Both of a numerical analysis by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and experimental measurements are carried out to verify sealing improvement The sealing effects of the leakage clearance and the air jet magnitude are studied in various parameters. The results of pressure drop in the experiment match reasonably to those of the simulation by introducing a flow coefficient Effect of sealing improvement is explained as decreasing of leakage clearance by air jetting. Thus, sealing effect is improved by amount of air jetting even though clearance becomes larger.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.359-375
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• 2000

PBL can be defined as an active, self-directed and student-centered learning, and an opposite way of classroom teacher-centered learning which has been traditional role learning. PBL enables students think more efficiently and effectively when puzzling through the patient problems. The purpose of this study is to find out the perception of student nurse about PBL, the characteristics and the structure of the type for PBL. The research process is as follow : First, the researcher selected 35 statements for PBL with the content analysis of in depth interview and the literature review. Second, the researcher asks 38 student nurse to classify the statement cards. The result of the research is that the type of student nurse's PBL perception is divided into 4 types(Affirmative type, Negative type, Suspicious type, and Preferable type), and the explanative total variance is 44 percent. In relation to this, if PBL well combined and adapted in our traditional curriculum will change our nursing education in better direction.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.741-747
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to develop a cooler/heater using a thermoelectric module combined with a parallel flow type oscillating heat pipe with R-142b as a work ing fluid. The experiment was performed for 16 thermoelectric modules (6 A/15 V, size: 40${\times}$40${\times}$4 mm), varying design parameters of the heat pipe (inclination angle, working fluid charging ratio, etc) . Experimental results indicate that the optimum charging ratio and the inclination angle of the parallel flow type oscillating heat pipe were 30% by volume and 30%, respectively. The maximum cooler/heater capacity were 479W (COP : 0.47) and 630W (COP : 0.9), respectively.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.558-565
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• 1999

Rubber wheel-type AGT has two major kinds of bogie; one is the bogie type and the other and passenger loads. This paper deals with the statics analysis for two types of bogie frame subjected to combined external forces, as well as independent ones specified in UIC 515-4. Furthermore, the dynamics analysis is performed under vibrational loading conditions so as to compare dynamic characteristics, Numerical results by using commercial packages, Ⅰ-DEAS and NASTRAN show that maximum stresses do not exceed the yielding level of material used for both bogies. From an overall viewpoint of strength, the bogie type turns out to be superior to the steering type except the case of a lateral loading. It is also observed that the steering type shows a be stiffened. It is strongly anticipated that vibrational fatigue analysis should be carried out under realistic loading conditions closely matching to situations such as running surface and lateral clearances along the guideway.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.139-145
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• 1996

The machining accuracy and performance is largely influenced by the static, dynamic and thermal characteristics of spindle systems in machine tools, because the spindle system is a intermedium for cutting force from tool and machine powef from motor. Large cutting force and power are transmitted by bearing with a point or line contact. So, the spindle system is the static and dynamic weakest point in machine structure. For improvement of static stiffness of spindle system can be changed design parameters, such as diameter of spindle, stiffness of bearing and bearing span. But for dynamic stiffness, the change of the design parameters are not useful. In this paper, the combined bearing arrangement is suggested for high damping spindle system. The combined bearing arrangement is composed of tandem double back to back arrangement type ball bearins and a high damping hydrostatic bearing. The variation of static deflection and amplitude in first natural frequency is evaluated with the location of hydrostatic bearing between front and rear ball bearing. The optimized location of hydrostatic bearing for high static and dynamic stiffness is determined rapidly and exactly using the mode shape and transfer function of spindle. The calculation of damping effect on vibration by unbalance of grinding wheel and pulley in optimized spindle system is carried out to verify the validity of the combined bearing arrangement. Finally, the simulation of grinding process show that the surface roughness of workpiece with high damping spindle system is 60% better than with ball bearing spindle system.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2013

In the mix proportion of shotcrete, it was analyzed as required in terms of eco-friendly technology to take advantage of the screenings. Screenings of recycling can be a solution in order to overcome the quality degradation due to the recent lack of good quality sand as well as the utilization of waste materials. Five regional screening and screening replaced fine aggregates for physical characteristics were analyzed to evaluate the usability screenings as shotcrete's combined aggregate. It was analyzed the effect of particle size distribution in the combined aggregate for shotcrete and maximum replacement was estimated according to the type of screenings.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.303-317
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• 2006

The connection with combined cross diaphragm is developed for the connection of square CFT column and steel beam and proposed to be used for the frame with asymmetric span length. The structural characteristics of this connection lie in the penetration of the beam flange in the direction of major axis through the column for the smooth flow of stress. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic behavior and stress flow of suggested connection and to evaluate the resistance to shock of connection. Four T-type CFT column-to-beam specimens; two with combined cross diaphragm and the others with interior and through diaphragms, the existing connection types, were made for cyclic load test guided by the load program of ANSI/AISC SSPEC 2002. The results show that the proposed connection is more efficient than existing ones in terms of strength, stress flow and energy absorption and satisfies the seismic performance required in the region of weak/moderate earthquakes.