• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.132-144
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternatives for stable operation of WWTP(Wastewater Treatment Plant) with a higher rate of inflows and a higher concentration of pollutants during wet weather to minimize the pollution loads being discharged into receiving waters. 3Q(Q: dry weather flow) of a base flow is normally intercepted and flows into WWTP as it was current practice. It is revealed by simulation that the bypassing alternative of 1Q through secondary treatment and 2Q into the stream after primary treatment was as good as it is expected. The bypass pollution loads were in the range of 23.9 ~ 38.5 % of the total loads flowing into the WWTP indicating that the bypassed flows need an extra treatment such as stormwater detention reservoir, high-rate coagulation with sedimentation, and step-feed. The high-rate coagulation with sedimentation was the most effective with respect to removal of the pollution loads.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

A microgrid can play a significant role for enlargement of renewable energy sources and emission reduction because it is a network of small, distributed electrical power generators operated as a collective unit. In this paper, an application of optimization method to economical operation of a microgrid is studied. The microgrid to be studied here is composed of distributed generation system(DGS), battery systems and loads. The distributed generation systems include combined heat and power(CHP) and small generators such as diesel generators and the renewable energy generators such as photovoltaic(PV) systems, wind power systems. Both of thermal loads and electrical loads are included here as loads. Also the emissions trading scheme to be applied in near future, the cost of unit start-up and the operational characteristics of battery systems are considered as well as the probabilistic characteristics of the renewable energy generation and load. A mathematical equation for optimal operation of this system is modeled based on the mixed integer programming. It is shown that this optimization methodology can be effectively used for economical operation of a microgrid by the case studies.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제86권4호
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• pp.503-518
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• 2023

In tall constructions, the outriggers are regarded as a structural part capable of effectively resisting lateral loads. This study analyses the efficacy of hybrid outrigger system in high rise RCC building for various structural parameters identified. For variations in α, which is defined as the ratio of the relative flexural stiffness of the core to the axial rigidity of the column, static and dynamic analyses of hybrid outrigger system having a virtual and a conventional outrigger at two distinct levels were conducted in the present study. An investigation on the optimal outrigger position was performed by taking the results from absolute maximum inter storey drift ratio (ISD_max), roof acceleration (acc_roof), roof displacement (disp_roof), and base bending moment under both wind and seismic loads on analytical models having 40, 60 and 80 storeys. An ideal performance index parameter was introduced and was utilized to obtain the optimal position of the hybrid outrigger system considering the combined response of ISD_max, acc_roof, disp_roof and, criteria required for the structure under wind and seismic loads. According to the behavioural study, increasing the column area and outrigger arm length will maximise the performance of the hybrid outrigger system. The analysis results are summarized in a flowchart which provides the optimal positions obtained for each dependent parameter and based on ideal performance index which can be used to make initial suggestions for installing a hybrid outrigger system.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.538-550
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• 2012

This study suggests a general methodology which is designed for assessing RDOC behavior at the catchment scale by coupling properly a series of steam flow and water quality simulation models and actual monitoring data set. The modified TANK model in which a river routing function is incorporated to the conventional one is applied to simulate the long-term daily stream flow data, and the simulated stream flow data is combined with the 7-parameter log-linear model coupled to the minimum variance unbiased estimator to simulate the long-term daily water quality (BOD, COD and TOC) loads. Finally, the regression analysis between the usually monitored water quality data (BOD, COD and TOC) and RDOC is combined with the simulated water quality data to manifest the spatio-temporal variability of RDOC flux behavior at the Korean TMDL catchment scale.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.648-653
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• 2010

Discharged pollution load for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) is calculated on the basis of rainfall data for reference year. Rainfall has an influence on discharged pollution load in unit watershed with combined sewer system. This study reviewed the status of discharged pollution load and rainfall conditions. We also investigated rainfall effects on discharged pollution load by analyzing change of the load in accordance with increase of rainfall. The change ratio of discharged pollution load was 18.6% while inflow load only 5.8% for 5 years from 2004 to 2008 in Daejeon district. The greatest rainfall and rain days were over 2 times than the least during the period. This change in rainfall could have great effect on discharged pollution load. The analysis showed that discharged pollution load increased 2.1 times in case rainfall increased 2 times and 1.2 times in case rain days increased 2 times. Rainfall effects, therefore, should be considered to make resonable evaluation of discharged pollution load in the assessment of annual performances.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.397-408
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• 2024

Buried box culverts are crucial elements of transportation infrastructure. However, their behavior under foundation loads is not well understood, indicating a significant gap in existing research. This study aims to bridge this gap by conducting a detailed numerical analysis using the Finite Element Method and Abaqus software. The research evaluates the behavior of buried box culverts by examining their interaction with surrounding soil and the pressures from surface foundation loads. Key variables such as embedment depth, culvert wall thickness, concrete material properties, foundation pressure, foundation width, soil elastic modulus, and friction angle are altered to understand their combined effects on structural response. The methodology employs a validated 2D numerical model under plane strain conditions. Parametric studies highlight the critical role of culvert depth (H) in influencing earth pressure and bending moments. Foundation pressure and width demonstrate complex interdependencies affecting culvert behavior. Variations in culvert materials' elastic modulus show minimal impact. It was found that the lower wall of the buried culvert experiences higher average pressure compared to the other two walls, due to the combined effects of the culvert's weight and down drag forces on the side walls. Furthermore, while the pressure distribution on the top and bottom walls is parabolic, the pressure on the side walls follows a different pattern, differing from that of the other two walls.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2002

Most fibers are irregular, and they are often subjected to combined loading conditions during processing and enduse. In this paper polyester and wool fibers under the combined tensile and torsional loads have been studied for the first time using the finite element method (FEM). The dimensional irregularities of these fibers are simulated with sine waves of different magnitude and frequency. The breaking load and breaking extension of the fibers at different twist or torsion levels are then calculated from the finite element model. The results indicate that twist and level of fiber irregularity have a major impact on the mechanical properties of the fiber and the effect of the frequency of irregularity is relatively small.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.2005-2015
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• 1994

An analytical method based on the upper bound approach for the cup-bar axisymmetric combined extrusion is presented to determine the deformation zones as well as extrusion load and deformed geometry in the early stage. A new kiematically admissible velocity field is derived by the appropriate transformation of the original velocity field and applying the flow function approach. The derived velocity field is directly related to the boundary function for the plastically deforming zones and the parameter controlling the flow direction to the forward part or backward part. Experiments are carred out with the annealed aluminum 2024 at room temperature for the various area reductions. The workhardening effect is considered in the formulation as a function of the height ratio between the deformed billet and the orighinal billet to calculate the extrusion pressures. The theoretical predictions for the extrusion loads and deformed configuration are in good agreement with the experimental results.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 1994

The leak-before-break(LBB) design on the large structures such as ship's hull, tank structure, pressure vessels etc. is one of the most inportant subjects for the evaluation and the assurance of safety. In these structures, various loads are acting. In some structural members, therefore, out-of-plane stress due to bending often may become with in-plane stress due to stretching. In the present report, the characteristics of fatigue life and peneration behaviour from a surface cracked plate under combined tension and bending have been studied experimentally and analytically by using eccentricity. Estimation of fatigue crack growth was done with the Newman-Raju formula before penetration, and with the stress intensity factor after penetration proposed by the author. Calculated aspect ratio showed the good agreement with the experimental result. It was also found that particular crack growth behaviour and crack shape after penetration can be satisfactorily evaluated using the K solution proposed.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.175-194
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• 2017

Research to date has mainly focused on structural analysis and design of wind turbines considering turbulent aerodynamic loading. The combined effects of wind and seismic loading have not been studied by many researchers. With the recent expansion of wind turbines into seismically active regions research is now needed into the implications of seismic loading coupled with turbulent aerodynamic loading. This paper proposes a monitoring procedure for onshore horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) subjected to this combined loading regime. The paper examines the impact of seismic loading on the 5-MW baseline HAWT developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). A modified version of FAST, an open-source program developed by NREL, is used to perform the dynamic analysis.