• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 2009

This study was performed to determine the effect of drying conditions on the germination properties of rapeseed after seeds were dried under different drying conditions: $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, or $60^{\circ}C$ in combination with 30%, 45%, or 60% relative humidity. As analytic results, drying conditions had significant effects (P-value < 0.001) and drying temperature was considered as the main factor on the germination properties of rapeseed. When drying temperature increased or relative humidity decreased, the vigor rate and germination rate decreased, the median germination time increased. The maximum values of vigor rate and germination rate were 90% and 95.44%, and their minimum values were 60.17 and 75%, respectively. To ensure the standard germination rate of 85%. The appropriate drying zone was determined and the drying temperature should be less than $51.0^{\circ}C$, $54.5^{\circ}C$ and $58.7^{\circ}C$ at 30%, 45% and 60% RH, respectively. The values for median germination time varied from 2 to 4 days. The predicted models of germination rate, vigor rate, and median germination time were determined.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.428-439
• /
• 1992

Drying process in a fixed bed red pepper dryer was modeled and simulated. Drying efficiency describing the effectiveness of energy usage in red pepper drying was defined as a ratio of energy used for moisture evaporation to total energy consumption, and expressed in combination of measurable temperature variables. The efficiency was compared with real evaporative efficiency and tested in the simulated and experimental drying. An overall drying efficiency was derived, and analyzed for various control variables consisting of drying temperature, air recycle ratio and air flow rate. Optimal operation conditions of drying was then searched by Box's complex method by using it as an objective function. Carotenoids retention was simulated and put as a constraint of product quality in the optimization. The optimization results gave that two staged drying operation could improve the ding efficiency compared with single staged drying. As a technique for further energy saving automatic termination of drying appeared feasible by monitoring an exit air temperature from dryer.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.299-306
• /
• 1998

T-butyl alcohol (TBA) freeze-drying method originally designed by Inoue and Osadake (1989) was adopted to dry specimens for scanning electron microscopy and the results were compared with those dried using critical point dryer (CPD). Small pieces $(1\times1\times3mm)$ of liver of Sprague-Dawley rats were cut and fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer after anesthesia, and processed for scanning electron microscopy by several modifications of TBA freeze-drying methods and by the standard preparation method using CPD. The bile canaliculi and sinusoidal endothelial surface were observed. Tissue dehydrated with TBA before TBA freeze-drying preserved the structures best comparable to those prepared with CPD. This result suggests that combination of dehydration with TBA and TBA freeze-drying is a superior method to the original TBA freeze-drying method dehydrated with ethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.682-690
• /
• 1989

Fine mullite powder was prepared by colloidal sol-gel route. Boehmite as a starting material of Al2O3 and silica sol or fumed silica as a starting material of SiO2 were used. $\alpha$-Al2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2 were used as seeding materials. The combination of boehmite and silica was found to be the stoichiometric mullite powder. Techniques for drying used were spray drying, freeze drying, reduced pressure evaporation and drying in a oven. The gelled powder was heated at 130$0^{\circ}C$ for 100min and was attrition-milled for 1~3hrs. The mullite powder obtained was composed of submicrometer, uniform and spherical particles with a narrow size distribution. The mullite powder was characterized by BET, SEM, XRD and IR spectroscopy.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2005.05b
• /
• pp.393-396
• /
• 2005

This paper presents the results of drying shrinkage of concrete using shrinkage-reducingadmixture(DSRA) studied by the authors through mock-up test. DSRA is proportioned by expansive admixture and shrinkage reducing agent(SRA). Flowing concrete method is also applied to assist the concrete to reduce drying shrinkage by decreasing water content at the same time. The use of EA and SRA does not affect fluidity, bleeding and setting time. Compressive strength of concrete using EA along with SRA exhibited less than that of plain concrete. However, The compressive strength with combination of EA-SRA along with flowing concrete method shows comparable to that of plain concrete. The application of developed method can contribute to reducing drying shrinkage by as much as 30-40$\%$ compared with that of plain concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.64 no.5
• /
• pp.259-266
• /
• 2020

The main purpose of this study is to examine the different physicochemical properties of spray-dried products. The carrier agents and powders after the spray-drying process were analyzed for encapsulation yield, moisture content, color parameters, total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AC), bulk density, flowability, wettability, hygroscopicity, water solubility index (WSI), particle size and microstructure. The spray-drying process was carried out with different carrier agents including maltodextrin (MD) and the combination of maltodextrin and gum arabic (MD-GA) with MA/GA ratio of 70/30, dried at the inlet/outlet air temperature of 160 ℃/70 ℃, 4 bar, airflow rate of 70 ㎥·h^-1 and feed flow rate of 750 mL·h^-1. The results showed that the different carrier agents have significant influences on the physicochemical properties of the powder produced by the spray-drying method. In there, while the values of recovery efficiency and flowability of spray-dried products from MD are higher than those of spray-dried products from MD-GA combination, the opposite is true for the values of TPC, AC, bulk density and wettability, whereas hygroscopicity and WSI values are equally represented in both products.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.17 no.11
• /
• pp.1227-1233
• /
• 2008

The effect of freeze drying and fixatives in post-treating freeze drying on the morphological properties of the rose (Rosa hybrida L.) petal were investigated for the production of high quality of freeze dried rose. The morphology including form and color of the dried flowers of cut rose were depended on the drying methods. The drying time was extended due to their density and water content, and was shorter in the freeze drying than that in the natural and hot air drying. Freeze dried process for dried flowers took 2 days in a freeze dryer and did not cause shrinkage or toughening of rose petal being dried, preserving its natural shape and color. The diameter of freeze dried flowers showed little reduction compared to fresh flowers. In Hunter color values of petals of freeze dried flowers, L and a values were high and showed little variations in comparison to fresh petals. Freeze drying led to a noticeable increase in anthocyanin contents in petals, suggesting that anthocyanin contents play an important role in the acquisition of freezing tolerance. Exposure of flowers to freeze drying was accompanied by an increase in the carotenoid content. In the post-treating freeze drying, epoxy resin, a fixative, applied alone or in combination to petals of freeze dried flowers showed efficient coating for the protection from humidity and sunlight. Combined application of epoxy and acetone to freeze dried petals permitted maintenance of natural color and excellent tissue morphology, showing color stability and shiny texture in surface of petals. These findings suggest that application of fixatives to freeze dried rose petals improves the floral preservation and epoxy coating provides good quality in the freeze dried flower product.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.92-105
• /
• 2018

The present study was carried out to find a suitable drying method for measuring non-evaporable water contents of various hydraulic inorganic materials. In Part 1 of the paper, the case Ordinary Portland cement is discussed. Various drying methods including vacuum and oven drying, and an ignition, were used for the OPC paste and mortar having different w/c. The sole vacuum drying under room temperature led a fluctuation on measurement of hydration degree, while the sole oven drying also yielded unwanted hydration promotion at the early age. A combination of the vacuum and oven drying was considered as a suitable drying method for the OPC case.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.30 no.5 s.153
• /
• pp.753-761
• /
• 2006

This paper suggests the optimal conditions for the laundry to prevent from the electrostatic charge by the evaluation of the electrostatic characteristics in the full process of washing and drying. Cotton, nylon, and polyester fabrics were used as test washing specimens. Detergent and softener were used under the standard washing cycle, and then the electrostatic characteristics of laundry were measured. The results showed that the moisture regain decreased and the electrostatic charge increased with the drying time. It was observed that the specimen fabrics were already dried up before the standard drying cycle was finished. Consequently, the excessive drying caused a generation of electrostatic charge due to the removal of the trace of moisture remaining and the excessive friction. Especially, the softener played an important role to prevent from a generation of electrostatic charge, whose insertion was more effective in the drying than in the rinsing process. It was also shown that the electrostatic charge could be decreased by drying the fabrics of one kind. On the other hand, for drying the mixed kinds of fabrics, the electrostatic charge increased remarkably. Therefore we suggest that the laundry be classified according to the kinds of fiber, and then be washed and dried before excessive drying to reduce electrostatic charge And further, a proper use of softener is effective to reduce electrostatic charge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.580-585
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine cow characteristics and farm management factors during the dry period associated with early postparturient intramammary infection (IMI) and subsequent clinical mastitis (CM). Data were collected three times: before drying off (P1), during the dry period (P2), and 5 to 14 days after calving (P3), using questionnaires and farm investigation. Milk samples were aseptically collected for bacterial identification at P1 and P3. Factors associated with IMI and CM were analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. The final model showed that IMI in early postpartum was significantly associated with full insertion of dry cow antibiotic, dry cows in barns with a combination of tie and free stalls, body condition score (BCS) in dry period and after calving, and milk yield before drying off. For IMI cows, factors significantly associated with clinical expression of mastitis were having daily barn cleaning, teat disinfected with alcohol before administration of dry cow therapy, BCS before drying off, milk yield before drying off, and days in milk at drying off. In conclusion, both cow and farm management factors are associated with the IMI rate and subsequent expression of clinical signs of mastitis in early postpartum cows.