• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.507-526
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• 2017

To infer the true state of a regional product's attributes, consumers use the image they have of the product's region of origin; however, products may have multiple countries of origin in their design, branding, sourcing and manufacturing becuase more products are increasingly a result of multi-firm and multi-country efforts. We examined how the country-of-origin image (country image and product image) affect international consumers' perceived value (function value and symbolic value) and purchase intentions of made-in China goods by extending and deepening the flexible model. Second, to investigate the differences of COO effects according to different types of country-of-origin we divided the traditional country-of-origin into two components: country-of-manufacture (COM) and country-of-brand (COB). We then explore how the impact of China's country image on consumers' perceived value and purchase intentions varies when China is the COM or COB of the same product. Six hypotheses were proposed to test our anticipations. We recruited 800 Korean adult consumers who previously purchased made-in China products to participate in the online investigation. Data analyses were conducted with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. The main results are discussed as follows. First, the effects of China's COO image on Korean consumers' perceived value and purchase intentions vary when China is the COM or COB of a product. Second, a positive effect of the function value and symbolic value on the purchase intentions was found. Literature and practical implications of findings are discussed and suggested in the conclusion.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.239-248
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• 2019

This research presents an improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of composite board (com-ply) made of Oriented Strand Board (OSB) coated with wood veneer of Pine (Pinus merkusii), Avocado (Persea Americana) and Mahogany (Swietenia mahogany). 1.5 mm thick veneers of those three wood types were adhered to the surface of OSB using two adhesive types: epoxy and isocyanate. The adhesive with the glue spread of $250g\;m^{-2}$ applied using single glue line was spread and then cold pressed with the pressure of $15kg\;cm^{-2}$ for 3 hours. The research result showed an improving dimension stability of com-ply, but not found on all parameters of physical property test. The moisture content seemed to be influenced by the com-ply type, yet not related to its thickness swelling, water absorption and linear expansion. The exception took place in the parallel linear expansion when immersed for 2 hours. The highest to the lowest increases of MOE and MOR were consecutively found on OSB coated with wood veneer of Pine, Mahogany and Avocado. However, the increases were statistically insignificant. The highest increasing screw hold power was found at the com-ply type AE (avocado veneer and epoxy adhesive) that was by 28%.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.907-916
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• 2020

This research was conducted to investigate the linear expansion and resistance properties of a composite board (com-ply). This board was made of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) laminated using avocado (Persea americana), mahogany (Swietenia mahogani), and pine (Pinus merkusii) veneers. These three types of veneers were laminated on both surfaces of the MDF using adhesives, namely, epoxy and isocyanate. Glue (250 g·m^-2) was spread on the surface, followed by cold press for 3 h with an applied pressure of 15 kg·cm^-2. The research result revealed that com-ply exhibited an increased dimensional stability compared with MDF, indicated by reduction in water absorption, thickness swelling, and linear expansion. The com-ply made of the pine veneer and isocyanate adhesive exhibited high density, water absorption, thickness swelling, and screw withdrawal load. The com-ply that exhibited the strongest resistance to drywood termite attacks was the one made of the mahogany veneer and isocyanate adhesive. Moreover, the com-ply that exhibited the biggest weight loss (3.6 %) was made of the pine veneer and epoxy adhesive. The results of this research may facilitate in manufacturing com-ply using the selected veneer and adhesive without the application of hot press.

• Cement Symposium
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• no.5
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• pp.17-36
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• 1977

Features of past and present development of concrete technology and uses in Denmark will be mentioned to exemplify the general trend showing that industrial processing and product development is about to improve the utilization of cement considerably, com

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.159-169
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• 2015

Customer reviews are one of the important sources for purchase decision makings in online stores. Online stores have tried to provide useful reviews in product pages to customers. To assess the usefulness of customer reviews before other users have voted enough on the reviews, diverse aspects of reviews were utilized in prevous studies. Style and semantic information were utilized in many studies. This study aims to test diverse alogrithms and datasets for identifying a proper classification method and threshold to classify useful reviews. In particular, most researches utilized ratio type helpfulness index as Amazon.com used. However, there is another type of usefulness index utilized in TripAdviser.com or Yelp.com, count type helpfulness index. There was no proper threshold to classify useful reviews yet for count type helpfulness index. This study used reivews and their usefulness votes on restaurnats from Yelp.com to devise diverse datasets and applied text mining approaches to classify useful reviews. Random Forest, SVM, and GLMNET showed the greater values of accuracy than other approaches.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.230-231
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 1987

Effect of microbiological product manure (Bio-com) on the growth and yield of vegetables and on physico-chemical properties of soil. Leaf lettuce and Garland Chrysanthemum were taken for test plants. A Jungdong (Series) silty loam soil was used for pot experiments. The results are summarized as following: 1. Treatment with Bio-com stimulated plant growth that were increased in the number of leaf, leaf area, plant height and root length both for Leaf lettuce and Garland Cyrysanthemum. 2. Yield increase of 123-1170% was obtained from Bio-com treatments compared to N.P.K.+manure treatment. Application of 2250 kg/10a of Bio-com gave the highest yield. 3. Fertilizer effect of Bio-com appeared much earlier than that of manure. 4. Plant content of $K_2O$ was highest when treated with Bio-com. Plants absorbed considerably more N, $P_2O_5$ and MgO. 5. Content of N, $P_2O_5$ in Garland Chrysanthemum were higher when treated with Bio-com. 6. Content of $P_2O_5$ in soil was at the highest level. Soil pH, content of exchangeable soil Ca and Mg were also high with Bio-com fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1990

The pot experiment was conducted to compare the effects of BIO-COM (Organic fertilizer made from industrial by-product) with the compost and humic acid on the physico-chemical properties of soils and the yield of paddy rice (CV. Chucheong-byeo). The results obtained were as follows: 1. All the fertilizer treatments, except humic acid, increased rice yield compare to no fertilizer treatment, and Bio-Com was the highest among the fertilizer treatments. 2. Rice yields were increased with increasing BIO-COM only up to 4% but 2% with N.P.K. fertilizers. 3. Rice yield showed highly positive correlation with number of panicle per hill but negative correlation with 1000 grain weight. 4. BIO-COM application induced the noticeable increase of pH, EC, OM, T-N, Av-P, Ex-Ca, Ex-Mg, Ex-Na, and $Av-SiO_2$, contents in the soils after experiments, and there were highly significant positive correlation among them. 5. BIO-COM application was positively affected on plant height, number of tiller, and fresh weight and dry weight of rice plant throughout entire growing stages and these are positively correlated with rice yield. 6. BIO-COM application also induced the increase of chlorophyll, N, P, Ca, and Mg contents in rice plant 7. It is revealed that there were highly positive correlations between rice yields and pH, EC, OM, T-N, Ex-Ca, and Ex-Mg in the soils. 8. It was also shown the highly significant positive correlations between rice yields, and N and P contents in the rice plant at heading stages, respectively.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.67-90
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• 2008

Prior to making choices among online products and services, consumers often search online product reviews written by other consumers. Online product reviews have great influences on consumer behavior because they are believed to be more reliable than information provided by sellers. However, ever-increasing lists of product reviews make it difficult for consumers to find the right information efficiently. A customized search mechanism is a method to provide personalized information which fits the user's requirements. This study examines effects of a customized search mechanism and perceived similarity between consumers and product reviewers on consumer behaviors. More specifically, we address the following research questions: (1) Can a customized search mechanism increase perceived similarity between product review authors and readers? (2) Are product reviews perceived as more credible when product reviews were written by the authors perceived similar to them? (3) Does credibility of product reviews have a positive impact on acceptance of product reviews? (4) Does acceptance of product reviews have an influence on purchase intention of the readers? To examine these research questions, a lab experiment with a between-subject factor (whether a customized search mechanism is provided or not) design was employed. In order to enhance mundane realism and increase generalizability of the findings, the experiment sites were built based on a real online store, cherrya.com (http://www.cherrya.com/). Sixty participants were drawn from a pool that consisted of undergraduate and graduate students in a large university. Participation was voluntary; all the participants received 5,000 won to encourage their motivation and involvement in the experiment tasks. In addition, 15 participants, who selected by a random draw, received 30,000 won to actually purchase the product that he or she decided to buy during the experiment. Of the 60 participants, 25 were male and 35 were female. In examining the homogeneity between the two groups, the results of t-tests revealed no significant difference in gender, age, academic years, online shopping experience, and Internet usage. To test our research model, we completed tests of the measurement models and the structural models using PLS Graph version 3.00. The analysis confirmed individual item reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant validity of measurements. The results show that participants feel more credible when product reviews were written by the authors perceived similar to them, credibility of product reviews have a positive impact on acceptance of product reviews, and acceptance of product reviews have an influence on purchase intention of the readers. However, a customized search mechanism did not increase perceived similarity between product review authors and readers. The results imply that there is an urgent need to develop a better customized search tool in order to increase perceived similarity between product review authors and readers.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2010

Total aflatoxin ($B_1+B_2+G_1+G_2$) maximum levels of 15 ${\mu}g/kg$ ($B_1=10\;{\mu}g/kg$) were set for grain, beans, peanut, nuts & their processed food (grinding, cutting etc.), processed cereal product & processed bean product, confectionaries (peanut or nut-containing food), soybean paste, red pepper paste, dried red pepper, processed com products for popcorn and steamed rice. The maximum levels for aflatoxin $M_1$ are 0.5 ${\mu}g/kg$ for raw milk and milks before manufacturing processing. The patulin maximum level is 50 ${\mu}g/kg$ in apple juice and apple juice concentrate (including concentrate to use as raw material and converted by concentration multiple). The ochratoxin A is managed at the maximum levels of 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ in wheat, barley, rye, coffee beans and roasted coffee, 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ in instant coffee and raisin, 2 ${\mu}g/kg$ in Grape juice, concentrated grape juice as reconstituted and wine. The fumonisins ($B_1+B_2$) maximum levels are 4000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in com, 2000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in com processed food (grinding, cutting etc.) and com powder, 1000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in processed com products. Standards for mycotoxins in food have been established and the mycotoxin risk in food is managed reasonably and scientifically, based on risk assessment and exposure analysis.