• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1995

본 연구는 콘크리트 충전강관을 고층 건물의 구조부재로 이용하기 위한 연구의 일환으로서 강관의 폭두께비, 세장비와 충전콘크리트의 강도를 주요 변수로 하여 강관이 콘크리트를 단순 구속하는 경우의 재하조건으로서 일련의 실험을 콘크리트 충전강관 기둥의 역학적인 거동 특성을 고찰하였다. 얻어진 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1)구속 콘크리트의 파괴양상은 단주의 경우 시험체 단부에서의 압괴에 의한 $45^{\circ}$정도의 사인장 파괴가 이루어졌으며 장주의 경우 횡방향 휨 파괴 양상을 나타내었다. (2)원형강관으로서 콘크리트를 구속함으로서 변형능력의 향상과 동시에 콘크리트의 연성 효과를 증대시킬 수 있었다. (3)강관의 세장비, 폭두께비, 콘크리트의 강도를 고려하여 콘크리트의 구속계수를 이용하여 강관에 의해 구속된 내부 콘크리트와 충전 강관 기둥의 최대내력 산정식을 제안하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.187-205
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• 2010

The existing CFT columns present the deterioration in confining effect after the yield of steel tube, local buckling and the deterioration in load capacity. If lateral load such as earthquake load is applied to CFT columns, strong shearing force and moment are generated at the lower part of the columns and local buckling appears at the column. In this study, axial compression test and beam-column test were conducted for existing CFT square column specimens and those reinforced with carbon fiber sheets (CFS). The variables for axial compression test were width-thickness ratio and the number of CFS layers and those for beamcolumn test were concrete strength and the number of CFS layers. The results of the compression test showed that local buckling was delayed and maximum load capacity improved slightly as the number of layers increased. The specimens' ductility capacity improved due to the additional confinement by carbon fiber sheets which delayed local buckling. In the beam-column test, maximum load capacity improved slightly as the number of CFS layers increased. However, ductility capacity improved greatly as the increased number of CFS layers delayed the local buckling at the lower part of the columns. It was observed that the CFT structure reinforced with carbon fiber sheets controlled the local buckling at columns and thus improved seismic performance. Consequently, it was deduced that the confinement of CFT columns by carbon fiber sheets suggested in this study would be widely used for reinforcing CFT columns.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.513-538
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• 2022

This paper reports on experiments addressing the buckling and collapse behavior of an innovative built-up cold-formed steel (CFS) columns. The built-up column consists of four individual CFS lipped channels, two of them placed back-to-back at the web using two self-drilling screw fasteners at specified spacing along the column length, while the other two channels were connected flange-to-flange using one self-drilling screw fastener at specified spacing along the column length. In total, 12 experimental tests are reported, covering a wide range of column lengths from stub to slender columns. The initial geometric imperfections and material properties were determined for all test specimens. The effect of screw spacing, load-versus axial shortening behaviour and buckling modes for different lengths and screw spacing were investigated. Nonlinear finite element (FE) models were also developed, which included material nonlinearities and initial geometric imperfections. The FE models were validated against the experimental results, both in terms of axial capacity and failure modes of built-up CFS columns. Furthermore, using the validated FE models, a parametric study was conducted which comprises 324 models to investigate the effect of screw fastener spacing, thicknesses and wide range of lengths on axial capacity of back-to-back and flange-to-flange built-up CFS channel sections. Using both the experimental and FE results, it is shown that design in accordance with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and Australia/New Zealand (AS/NZS) standards is slightly conservative by 6% on average, while determining the axial capacity of back-to-back and flange-to-flange built-up CFS channel sections.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.497-509
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• 2010

고강도강재 및 고강도콘크리트를 적용한 매입형 합성기둥의 편심압축시 거동특성을 연구하기 위하여, 항복강도 $f_{ys}$=913MPa 강재와 압축강도 $f_{ck}$97.7MPa 콘크리트를 사용하여 실험연구를 실시하였다. 주요변수는 횡철근의 종류, 항복강도, 배근간격, 그리고 편심하중거리이다. 거동특성을 분석하기 위하여 구속효과와 변형률적합조건을 적용한 비선형 단면해석을 실시하였으며, 현행 설계기준들의 적용성을 판단하기 위해 실험결과와 비교하였다. 횡구속효과에 의하여 콘크리트의 연성능력은 증가하였으며, 이에 따라 단면의 휨모멘트강도가 증가하였다. 비선형해석을 통해 합성단면의 축력-모멘트 상관관계를 예측한 결과는 실험결과와 잘 일치한 반면, 강재의 완전소성강도를 사용하는 Eurocode 4는 실험체의 성능을 과대평가하였으며, 콘크리트의 횡구속효과를 고려하지 않은 ACI 318은 과소평가하였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.127-134
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• 1984

As a series of studies to clarify clonorchicidal substances in body surface mucus of some freshwater fishes, the substance in the epidermal mucus of Cyprinus carpio was isolated by silica gel column and thin layer chromatography and analysed for its chemical nature. Wormicidal trial was done in vitro, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: The mucus was extracted by ethyl ether and separated into 4 fractions by column chromatography using benzene as solvent. The second fraction with yellowish red colour among them showed the strongest clonorchicidal effect. The yellowish red fraction obtained by column chromatography was then fractionated into 6 spots by thin layer chromatography with petrol/ etherjchloroform (30/70, v/v), and the Rf. 0.714 spot among the 6 spots showed the strongest effect. The Rf. 0.714 spot was further fractionated into 6 spots by thin layer chromatography with benzene/acetone (90/10, vlv), and the Rf. 0.800 spot among the later 6 spots revealed the strongest effect. The Rf. 0.800 spot was chromatographed on column with benzene and 2 fractions were obtained. The second fraction of light brown colour represented the final purified fraction. By these Purification Procedures, clonorchicidal substance was Purified 15-fold with 0.035 yield from the mucus of C. carpio, and 10mg of the final fraction killed the cercaria in 26 min, the metacercaria in 115 min, and the adult in 443 min. Infra red and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric analysis of the purified substance revealed that the substance belongs to an ethyl ester of unsaturated fatty acid with 2 double bonds, 15 methylene groups and 1 methyl group.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.59-68
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• 1997

대도시에서 초고층 건물의 필요성은 구조 기술자에게 새로운 문제를 안겨주었다. 기둥축소의 효과는 설계 및 시공에 있어 특별한 주의를 요구한다. 기둥의 축소는 칸막이, 마감, 그리고 설비체계와 같이 수직하중을 지탱하도록 고려되어 있지 않은 비구조적인 요소에 영향을 미친다. 또한 각 기둥의 축소량 차이는 주위의 슬래브 및 보와 같은 부재들을 경사지게 한다. 축소량을 예측하는 목적은 부등 축소량의 차이를 미리 보정하는데 있다. 본 연구는 부동 축소량에 의한 주구조부재의 영향에 대한 내용을 다루었다. 자중으로 인해 초지 수직변위를 갖는 52층 철근콘크리트 구조물에 지진하중을 적용하여 구조물에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 각 수직구조요소에 대한 축소량은 전산화된 기둥축소 해석 프로그램을 이용하여 예측되었으며 지진하중으로 인한 축소량이 보정된 구조물과 보정되지 않은 구조물 사이의 응력을 조사하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.997-1009
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• 2011

In order to estimate volume transport by upwelling for single artificial seamount, same shape and size of artificial seamount already deployed was applied to numerical experiment. The result showed that strong upwelling appeared at front while took place downwelling at rear. The strongest upwelling existed at the top of the artificial seamount. Volume transport by upwelling was computed as 785 m3/s. Column arrangement was applied to two artificial seamount in three cases; case 1) no clearance, case 2) sixty-five meters of clearance as half of artificial seamount's length, and case 3) hundred-thirty meters of clearance as an artificial seamount's length. All cases of column arrangements showed more upwelling volume transport than that of single seamount. Particularly, the case of no clearance calculated as 106% and appeared the most upwelling effect comparing to two other cases. Row arrangement was also applied to two artificial seamount in three cases; case 4) no clearance, case 5) forty meters of clearance as an artificial seamount's width, and case 6) eighty meters of clearance as twice of artificial seamount's width. Upwelling volume transport in case 4 increased 48% than the case of single seamount. Other two cases of 5 and 6 were estimated as 97% increased and more effective than case 4. According to the case experiments, column arrangements show more upwelling volume transport than that of row arrangements. In cases of column arrangements, with decreasing clearance between two seamount, the effect increases while showing maximum value at clearance zero. In cases of row arrangements, on the contrary, with decreasing clearance between two seamount, the effect decreases while showing minimum value at clearance zero. Since simple barotropic condition was considered for this study, further study is necessary by considering baroclinic condition to get close to reality. In conclusion, in deploying artificial seamount, optimal arrangement should be well designed to enhance primary and secondary productivity and to increase the diversity of species as well as reducing time and space.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.169-184
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• 2006

A close form solution of the maximum deflection for cracked columns with rectangular cross-sections was developed and thus the elastic buckling behavior and ultimate bearing capacity were studied analytically. First, taking into account the effect of the crack in the potential energy of elastic systems, a trigonometric series solution for the elastic deflection equation of an arbitrary crack position was derived by use of the Rayleigh-Ritz energy method and an analytical expression of the maximum deflection was obtained. By comparison with the rotational spring model (Okamura et al. 1969) and the equivalent stiffness method (Sinha et al. 2002), the advantages of the present solution are that there are few assumed conditions and the effect of axial compression on crack closure was considered. Second, based on the above solutions, the equilibrium paths of the elastic buckling were analytically described for cracked columns subjected to both axial and eccentric compressive load. Finally, as examples, the influence of crack depth, load eccentricity and column slenderness on the elastic buckling behavior was investigated in the case of a rectangular column with a single-edge crack. The relationship of the load capacity of the column with respect to crack depth and eccentricity or slenderness was also illustrated. The analytical and numerical results from the examples show that there are three kinds of collapse mechanisms for the various states of cracking, eccentricity and slenderness. These are the bifurcation for axial compression, the limit point instability for the condition of the deeper crack and lighter eccentricity and the fracture for higher eccentricity. As a result, the conception of critical transition eccentricity $(e/h)_c$, from limit-point buckling to fracture failure, was proposed and the critical values of $(e/h)_c$ were numerically determined for various eccentricities, crack depths and slenderness.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.375-387
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• 2006

기존의 연구에서 가정된 모멘트-곡률 관계를 토대로 고정된 안정계수를 갖는 응답스펙트럼을 구성하여 동적 P-$\Delta$ 효과를 분석한 것과는 달리, 이 논문에서는 안정계수의 증가, 즉, 축력의 증가에 따른 하중-변위관계의 변화를 고려할 수 있도록하는 적층단면법을 토대로 실용범위의 세장비와 안정계수를 변화시켜가며, 해석을 수행하여 철근콘크리트 장주의 동적 P-$\Delta$ 효과를 분석하였다. 다양한 지진에 대한 보편화된 결과를 얻기 위해 각기 다른 60개의 입력지진을 사용하였다. 또한, 수평지진과 수직지진을 동시에 작용하여 해석을 수행해 수직지진에 따른 P-$\Delta$ 효과를 살펴보았다. 해석결과, 철근콘크리트 장주의 최대변형은 축력, P-$\Delta$ 효과 및 수직지진의 영향을 거의 받지 않는 반면, 부재 내력은 축력에 의한 강성과 항복강도의 증가에 의해 증가하기 때문에, 철근콘크리트 장주의 내진설계시 축력효과를 고려하여 설계할 경우 P-$\Delta$ 효과 또는 수직지진에 대한 추가적인 영향은 고려하지 않아도 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.301-312
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• 1998

난포액내 함유되어 있는 단백질성분 중에서 sucrose 층으로부터 정자의 swim-up 이동을 자 극하는 성분을 분리하기 위하여 paper chromatography (PC) 및 reverse phase column (RPC) 과 superose column (SC)를 이용한 액체 chromatography의 분리효과를 조사하였던 바 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Chromatography용 paper로 분리한 각 band 의 성분은 첨가농도가 증가할수록 정자의 이동과 운동을 자극하였으며, 특히 band 1 성분은 정자의 이동을 유의하게 증가시켰다. 그러나, 동일 첨가수준에서 bands 성분의 정자 이동과 운동자극효과는 난포액의 효과에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. 2. $\mu$RPC를 이용 2~5mm 난포로 부터 분리한 성분중 RT3.33, RT7.00, RTl3.87 및 RTl6.6A 성분은 정자의 이동을 자극하였으나, 자극효과는 매우 적었다. 3. $\mu$RPC를 이용 10mm 난포로 부터 분리한 성분은 정자의 이동과 활력을 자극하지 않았다. 4. SC를 이용 2-5mm 난포로 부터 분리한 성분 중 RVI.35 성분과 RV0.82 성분은 정자의 이동과 운동을 유의하게 자극하였다. 결론적으로 난포액내 정자의 이동과 운동을 자극하는 단백질 성분은 superose column을 이용하여 효과적으로 분리할 수 있으며, 분리된 RVI.35 성분과 RV0.82 성분은 정자의 swim-up 분리를 자극하였다.