• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.57-62
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• 1975

It was many differances to evaluate of the effect of excipients on colour fading in FD & C Yellow No.5 by use Tintometer and nearly is not effective in FD & C Red No. 2. When we observed colour fading in suger coating formulations by tintometer, FD & C Red No.2 was appeared to follow zero order reaction and FD & C Yellow No. 5 was not follow zero order reaction or first order reaction. Also, we could know the tendency of colour fading by visible spectrum, but it was net suitable method for this experiment more than by tintometer. The relative colour fading effect of the surfactants(Polysorbate) was as follows: Tween 60> Tween 80> Tween 20. In addition to, Benzalkonium chloride was reacted with FD & C Yellow No.5, so the stronger colour was appeared. On the other hand, the weaker colour was appeared in FD & C Red No.2. While, the sunscreening agents was not almost effective in colour fading of FD & Yellow No. 5 and FD & C Red No. 2.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.261-266
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• 1985

Many monoterpen-erivatives are contained in edible plants. Some monoterpen-derivatives have been assessed as negative factors in the food safety. Among them thuone and 4-caranone are important toxic constituents of many plant essential oils. In this study, convenient detection methods of thujone and 4-caranone in oil were developed. The colour reactions of toxic thujone and 4-caranone were performed in oder to detect those in foods and oils. Sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (II) react with thujone to produce thujzoximinocarboxylic acid which becomes the six ligand in the ferrate complex (red colour reaction for thujone). Sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (II) cleaves 4-caranone to the red ferrate complex of caranketonic acid.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2003년도 가을 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.319-321
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• 2003

This research was carried out to evaluate the removal efficiencies of CODcr and colour for the dyeing wastewater by ferrous solution in Fenton process. The results showed that COD was mainly removed by Fenton coagulation, where the ferric ions are formed in the initial step of Fenton reaction. On the other hand colour was removed by Fenton oxidation rather than Fenton coagulation. The removal mechanism of CODcr and colour was mainly coagulation by ferrous ion, ferric ion and Fenton oxidation. The removal efficiencies were dependent on the ferric ion amount at the beginning of the reaction. However the final removal efficiency of COD and colour was in the order of Fenton oxidation, ferric ion coagulation and ferrous ion coagulation. The reason of the highest removal efficiency by Fenton oxidation can be explained by the chain reactions with ferrous solution, ferric ion and hydrogen peroxide.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Sulfur-containing amino acids play important roles in good flavor generation in Maillard reaction of non-enzymatic browning, so aqueous model systems of glucosamine and cysteine were studied to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, initial pH, reaction time, and concentration ratio of glucosamine and cysteine. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the independent reaction parameters of cysteine and glucosamine in Maillard reaction. Box-Behnken factorial design was used with 30 runs of 16 factorial levels, 8 axial levels and 6 central levels. The degree of Maillard reaction was determined by reading absorption at 425 nm in a spectrophotometer and Hunter's L, a, and b values. ${\Delta}E$ was consequently set as the fifth response factor. In the statistical analyses, determination coefficients ($R^2$) for their absorbance, Hunter's L, a, b values, and ${\Delta}E$ were 0.94, 0.79, 0.73, 0.96, and 0.79, respectively, showing that the absorbance and Hunter's b value were good dependent variables for this model system. The optimum processing parameters were determined to yield glucosamine-cysteine Maillard reaction product with higher absorbance and higher colour change. The optimum estimated absorbance was achieved at the condition of initial pH 8.0, $111^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, 2.47 h reaction time, and 1.30 concentration ratio. The optimum condition for colour change measured by Hunter's b value was 2.41 h reaction time, $114^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, initial pH 8.3, and 1.26 concentration ratio. These results can provide the basic information for Maillard reaction of aqueous model system between glucosamine and cysteine.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2010

불균일 촉매 CuO를 이용한 반응성 아조계 염료 Reactive Black 5(RB5) 폐수의 촉매습식산화에서 반응온도($190{\sim}230^{\circ}C$) 및 촉매농도(0.00~0.20 g/l)가 폐수의 색도 및 총 유기탄소 TOC 제거에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 폐수의 색도는 분광광도계를 사용하여 측정하였고, 습식산화속도는 TOC를 이용하여 산출하였다. 열분해 조건($230^{\circ}C$, 120 min)에서 폐수의 색도는 약 90%까지 제거되었지만 TOC는 제거되지 않았다. RB5 폐수 촉매 습식산화에서의 폐수의 색도 및 TOC 제거속도는 반응온도 및 촉매농도를 증가시킴에 따라 증가하였다. 촉매의 영향은 0.01 g CuO/l에서 이미 상당히 크게 나타났으며 0.05 g CuO/l 이상에서의 촉매농도 증가에 따른 효과는 작았다. 폐수 색도의 초기변화는 색도에 대한 1차 반응속도론으로 나타낼 수 있었으며, TOC 변화는 폐수 TOC를 쉽게 산화되는 TOC와 난분해성 TOC 로 구분한 global 모델로 묘사할 수 있었다. 반응온도의 폐수 색도 및 TOC 제거속도에 미치는 영향은 Arrhenius 상관관계식으로 묘사할 수 있었다. RB5 폐수의 열분해, 습식산화 및 0.20 g CuO/l의 촉매농도를 사용한 촉매습식산화 조건에서의 색도 제거반응의 활성화에너지는 각각 108.4, 78.3 및 74.1 kJ/mol의 값을 나타내었다. RB5 폐수 촉매습식산화에서의 TOC 제거반응에서 산화 최종산물로의 전환에 대한 난분해성 중간산물로의 전환 비는 페놀 습식산화에 비하여 상대적으로 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.938-943
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• 2017

Objective: Qingyu pig, a Chinese indigenous pig breed, exhibits two types of coat colour phenotypes, including pure black and white with black spotting respectively. Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) and agouti signaling protein (ASIP) are two widely reported pivotal genes that significantly affect the regulation of coat colour. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether the polymorphisms of these two genes are associated with coat colour and analyze the molecular mechanism of the coat colour separation in Qingyu pig. Methods: We studied the phenotype segregation and used polymerase chain reaction amplification and Sanger sequencing to investigate the polymorphism of MC1R and ASIP in 121 Qingyu pigs, consisting of 115 black and 6 white with black spotted pigs. Results: Coat colour of Qingyu pig is associated with the polymorphisms of MC1R but not ASIP. We only found 2 haplotypes, $E^{QY}$ and $E^{qy}$, based on the 13 observed mutations from MC1R gene. Among which, $E^{qy}$ presented a recessive inheritance mode in black spotted Qingyu pigs. Further analysis revealed a g.462-463CC insertion that caused a frameshift mutation and a premature stop codon, thus changed the first transmembrane domain completely and lost the remaining six transmembrane domains. Altogether, our results strongly support that the variety of Qingyu pig's coat colour is related to MC1R. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that black coat colour in Qingyu pig was dominant to white with black spotted phenotype and MC1R gene polymorphism was associated with coat colour separation in Qingyu pig.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제16권2호통권105호
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• pp.107-112
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• 1978

The followings are dealing with 10 dental alloys with less then 30% gold, manufactured by S company 7, and by H company 3. We could find several noticable things by examining them about tarnish and corrosion with human saliva and several other chemicals, and through metal microscopy. 1) After the samples were submerged in human saliva for 3 months, the colour of the samples were no remarkable change. 2) taking a consideration of the error of santorius balance, also there had been little corrosive changes in human saliva. 3) The colour of A-4 was changed into red in 0.05% HCI solution, while that of P-B was changed into black in 0.1% Na₂S solution and severely corroded samples, P-B, X, and Z lost their original colour and turned black. 4) In case of submerging in H₂NO₃reagent, 50%, it caused serious diminishing changes in weight, that is, X 2.7%, Pb 31.0%, Z 40.5%, and there happened tremble corrosive reaction. 5) Seeing them through metal microscopy, we can obserre the corroded samples changed into the shape of.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.171-177
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• 1999

This study was conducted for the histological observation of the infundibulum of the oviduct of the laying Korean native pheasants. The results are as follows : 1. The infundibular wall is composed of the epithelium, lamina propria, muscle layer(inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle), and serosa. The funnel lip is divided into the inner, and outer lip of the epithelium and muscle layer. 2. The epithelium of the funnel lip and most region of the cranial part of the funnel are composed of ciliated columnar cells. In the surface and lateral part of the folds, ciliated cells and non-ciliated secretory cells tend to alternate in the epithelium of the caudal funnel and the necks, but are also found in groups of the simple cuboidal epithelium at the bases of the grooves between the ridges and tubular glands found in the subepithelium. 3. The secretory material of the non-ciliated secretory cills contains PAS-positive and alcian blue-positive granules, and these materials show purple colour in the basic fuchsin-methylene blue stain. 4. The cells of the glandular groove and tubular gland of the neck portion of the oviduct mostly show weak PAS-positive, and alcian blue stain negative reaction. The tubular gland cells of the infndibulum contain pink of purple colour granules, and without reaction in the anterior neck portion of the infundibulum in basic fuchsin and methylene blue stain.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 1972

화학약품(化學藥品)에 의(依)한 목재(木材)의 정색반응(呈色反應)을 이용(利用)하여 지피조성용(地被造成用), 사료자원, 밀원자원, 공예자원, 및 섬유자원으로서 중요시 되고 있는 우리나라의 싸리 속(屬) 중에서 다음 7 수종(樹種)에 대한 분류상(分類上)의 식별점(識別點)을 조사(調査)하였다. (1) Lespedeza bicolor Turcz 싸리 (2) Lespedeza bicolor var. melanantha(Nak.) T. Lee 쇠싸리 (3) Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. 참싸리 (4) Lespedeza japonica var. intermedia Nakai 풀싸리 (5) Lespedeza maritina Nakai 해변싸리 (6) Lespedeza maximowiczii Schneider 조록싸리 (7) Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella Nakai 털조록싸리 처리 방법(方法)은 시료분말을 직접 염산에 처리하여 나타나는 정색반응을 검토하는 방법과 목재분말(木材粉末)의 methanol 침출액에 각종 시약을 적하한 후 그 정색반응을 관찰하는 두가지 방법을 적응했으며 시약으로는 $K_2Cr_2O_7$, $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, $FeCl_3$, $KMnO_4$, $KH_2PO_4$, $NH_4OH$, HCl의 7 가지 시약을 사용하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 구명된 결과를 요약하면 다음 검색표와 같다. 1. 침출액에 $K_2Cr_2O_7$ 적하반응에서 chrome lemon으로 정색했다${\cdots}{\cdots}$2 1. 침출액에 $K_2Cr_2O_7$ 적하반응에서 sun flower yellow색으로 정색했다${\cdots}{\cdots}$털조록싸리 2. $KH_2PO_4$ 용액의 적하반응에서 oyster white, $FeCl_3$ 용액을 적용반응하면 golden yellows로 정색한다${\cdots}{\cdots}$3 2. $KH_2PO_4$ 용액을 적하반응시키면 cream 색을 정색한다${\cdots}{\cdots}$6 3. $NH_4OH$ 용액의 적하반응에서 oyster white, $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 적하반응에서 corn 색을 정색한다${\cdots}{\cdots}$4 3. $NH_4OH$ 용액의 적하반응에서 cream 색을 정색한다 ${\cdots}{\cdots}$5 4. $KMnO_4$ 용액의 적하반응에서 van dyke brown, HCl 주가가열반응에서 sea shall pink 로 정색한다${\cdots}{\cdots}$풀싸리 4. $KMnO_4$ 용액의 적하반응에서 sepia, HCl 주가가열 반응에서 honey 색을 정색한다${\cdots}{\cdots}$해변싸리 5. $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 용액의 적하반응에서 golden rod, 분말(粉末)에 직접 HCl을 첨가하여 andover green 색을 정색한다${\cdots}{\cdots}$쇠싸리 5. $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ 용액의 적하반응에서 yellow ochre, 분말에 직접 HCl을 첨가하여 sand warm gray 색을 정색한다 6. $FeCl_3$ 용액의 적하법에서 amber graw 색을 정색한다${\cdots}{\cdots}$참싸리 6. $FeCl_3$ 용액의 적하법에서 leather brown 색을 정색한다$\cdots}{\cdots}$조록싸리.

• 분석과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.787-792
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• 1995

A method for determination of ammonia-N in environmental water by air-segmented flow injection analysis using the colour reaction of phenol and sodium hypochlorite with ammonia was described in this paper. When the reaction temperature is $70^{\circ}C$ and the reaction residence time is 5 minutes, a sample frequency of $60-90h^{-1}$ can be achieved. The detection limit and relative deviation are $0.05mg.ml^{-1}$ and 4%, respectively. The recovery of this method is 96 - 110%, and the determination results of the method are greatly agreement with standard colorimetric method.