• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2007

Prodigiosin (1) is the parent member of a class of polypyrrole natural products that exhibit promising anticancer activities. They can facilitate copper-promoted oxidative DNA damage by binding to copper ions, and this activity is thought to represent their mechanism of cytotoxicity in the dark. They also possess photoinduced cytotoxicity, although 1 is too toxic in the dark to be used effectively for the treatment of cancer by photodynamic therapies. To circumvent dark toxicity by prodigiosins, the semi-synthetic analogue 2, in which the N-pyrrolic atoms of 1 are methylated to block copper coordination, and the synthetic phenyl analogues 3 and 4, which lack the copper-coordinating A-pyrrole ring of 1, were tested for their ability to inhibit colony formation of HL-60 cancer cells in the absence and presence of visible light (λ > 495 nm). Our results show that 2-4 lack cytotoxicity in the dark, but are able to inhibit colony formation of HL-60 cells following irradiation for 30 min. The synthetic derivative 4 exhibits photo-induced cytotoxicity similar to that of the natural product 1, demonstrating the potential use of prodigiosin-based compounds for treatment of cancers following irradiation with visible light.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.200-205
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• 1995

Nutritional factors regulating the morphological differentiation and physiological differentiation of Streptomyces exfoliatus SMF13 on surface cultures were evaluated. S. exfoliatus SMF13 produced leupeptin and chymotrypsin-like protease (CTP) at the stage of substrate mycelium growth, and leupeptin-inactivating enzyme (LIE) and trypsin-like protease (TLP) at the stage of aerial mycelium growth. The activity of leupeptin and CTP was high in the region of active growing substrate mycelium, whereas the activity of LIE and TLP was high in the region of aerial mycelium or spores. The differentiations were induced in glucose-limited conditions or by the addition of glucose anti-metabolite (methyl $\alpha$-glucopyranoside), but repressed by high concentrations of glucose or casamino acids. Morphological differentiation (formation of aerial mycelia and spores) was closely related with physiological differentiation (formation of brown-pigment, LIE and TLP). The local distribution of leupeptin, CTP, LIE, and TLP in a developing colony showed that colony development correlated with the production and functions of the compounds: CTP is essential for providing a nitrogen source for mycelium growth: leupeptin regulates TLP activity: LIE inactivates leupeptin: TLP hydrolyzes nongrowing mycelium.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.557-567
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• 2019

TSPAN12, a member of the tetraspanin family, has been highly connected with the pathogenesis of cancer. Its biological function, however, especially in ovarian cancer (OC), has not been well elucidated. In this study, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset analysis revealed that upregulation of TSPAN12 gene expression was significantly correlated with patient survival, suggesting that TSPAN12 might be a potential prognostic marker for OC. Further exploration showed that TSPAN12 overexpression accelerated proliferation and colony formation of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 OC cells. Knockdown of TSPAN12 expression in A2780 and SKOV3 cells decreased both proliferation and colony formation. Western blot analysis showed that several cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) (e.g., Cyclin A2, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E2, CDK2, and CDK4) were significantly involved in the regulation of cell cycle downstream of TSPAN12. Moreover, TSPAN12 accelerated mitotic progression by controlling cell cycle. Thus, our data demonstrated that TSPAN12 could be a novel molecular target for the treatment of OC.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.878-885
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• 2020

Previously, we reported that globefish Takifugu obscurus homogenate suppresses the growth of human colorectal cancer cells. To extend the applications of globefish homogenate, we investigated its cytotoxic effects on human breast cancer cells. To assess the effects of globefish homogenate on growth of MCF (Michigan Cancer Foundation)-7 human breast cancer cells, cell proliferation and colony formation assays were performed using the cell counting and Crystal Violet staining methods. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of globefish homogenate on MCF-7 cell proliferation was calculated from the sigmoidal dose-response curve. The colony formation assay demonstrated that MCF-7 cells treated with globefish homogenate formed up to 80% fewer colonies than control MCF-7 cells. Treatment with globefish homogenate markedly suppressed the growth of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The sensitivity of the cells to globefish homogenate was determined by calculating the IC50; in this case, the IC50 was 210 ㎍/mL. Furthermore, significant downregulation of Cyclin D1 expression, along with phospho-Akt and total Akt levels, was observed in MCF-7 cells treated with globefish homogenate. This study demonstrates that treatment with globefish homogenate inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by downregulating the expression of phosphor-Akt, total Akt, and Cyclin D1 proteins.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.323-329
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• 2023

Peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PB-MSCs) have shown promise in cell-based therapy, as they can be harvested with ease through minimally invasive procedures. This study aimed to isolate PB-MSCs from foals and mares and to compare the proliferation and cellular characteristics of the PB-MSCs between the two groups. Six pairs of mares and their foals were used in this study. MSCs were isolated from PB by direct plating in a tissue culture medium, and cell proliferation (population doubling time [PDT], and colony-forming unit-fibroblast assay [CFU-F]), and characterization (morphology, plastic adhesiveness, colony formation, trilineage differentiation) were examined. There was no significant difference in the PB-MSC yield, CFU-F, and PDT between the mares and foals. PB-MSCs from both mares and foals showed typical MSC characteristics in terms of spindle-shaped morphology, plastic adhesive properties, formation of colonies, trilineage differentiation. These results suggest that PB-MSCs isolated from horses, both adult horses, and foals, can be used for equine cell-based therapy.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2017

Porcine spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) prefer three-dimensional (3D) culture systems to 2D ones for the maintenance of self-renewal. Of the many 3D culture systems, agar-based hydrogels are candidates for supporting porcine SSC self-renewal, and there are various types of agar powder that can be used. In this study, we sought to identify an agar-based 3D hydrogel system that exhibited strong efficacy in the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal. First, 3D hydrogels with different mechanics were prepared with various concentrations of Bacto agar, lysogeny broth (LB) agar, and agarose powder, and the 3D hydrogel with the strongest alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and greatest increase in colony size was identified for the different types of agar powder. Second, among the porcine SSCs cultured in the different 3D hydrogels, we analyzed the colony formation, morphology, and size; AP activity; and transcription and translation of porcine SSC-related genes, and these were compared to determine the optimal 3D hydrogel system for the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal. We found that 0.6% (w/v) Bacto agar-, 1% (w/v) LB agar-, and 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogels showed the strongest maintenance of AP activity and the most pronounced increase in colony size in the culture of porcine SSCs. Moreover, among these hydrogels, the strongest transcription and translation of porcine SSC-related genes and largest colony size were detected in porcine SSCs cultured in the 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogel, whereas there were no significant differences in colony formation and morphology. These results demonstrate that the 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogel can be effectively used for the maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2004

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ginseng saponins (panaxadiol, ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with gamma-ray. ICR mice were given each saponin (i.p. 50 mg/kg of body weight) at 24 hours before irradiation. The radioprotective effects of saponins were compared with the irradiation control respectively. The jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment with ginsenoside Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.05). The spleen colony was increased by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05) and ginsenoside Rd (p<0.05). And the frequency of radiation induced apoptosis was significantly reduced by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05), ginsenoside Rb2 (p<0.05), Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.01). These results suggest that ginsenoside Rc, Rd might have a major radioprotective effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2019

This review summarizes the studies on a wide variety of yeast found in kimchi and the effects of yeast on kimchi fermentation, and discusses the direction for further research. Yeast belongs to the genera Trichosporon, Saccharomyces, Sporisorium, Pichia, Lodderomyces, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Debaryomyces, Geotrichum, Kazachstania, Brassica, Yarrowia, Hanseniaspora, Brettanomyces, Citeromyces, Rhodotorula, and Torulopsis have been identified using culture-dependent methods and metagenomics analysis. The application of yeast as a starter into kimchi has resulted in an extension of shelf life and improvement of sensory characteristics due to a decrease in the amount of lactic acid. On the other hand, some yeast cause kimchi spoilage, which typically appears as an off-odor, texture-softening, and white-colony or white-film formation on the surface of kimchi. In contrast to lactic acid bacteria, there are limited reports on yeast isolated from kimchi. In addition, it is unclear how yeast affects the fermentation of kimchi and the mechanism by which white colony forming yeast predominate in the later stage of kimchi fermentation. Therefore, more research will be needed to solve these issues.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.71-71
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• 2003

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a multifunctional cytokine that has been implicated in the regulation of pre-implantation embryo development across several species. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF) on development of porcine parthenotes and nuclear transferred embryos, and on their expression of implantation-related genes. In the presence of bovine serum albumin, mGM-CSF did not increase the percentage of oocytes that developed to the blastocyst stage and at day 7 did not increase oocyte cell number. Addition of 10 mM GM-CSF to protein-free culture medium significantly increased the compaction and blastocoel formation of 1- to 2-cell parthenotes and cloned embryos developing in vitro. However, cell number was not increased when they were cultured in the presence of GM-CSF. Semi-quantitative reverse transcripts polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that mGM-CSF enhances mRNA expression of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor, but does not influence interleukin-6 or sodium/glucose co-transporter protein gene expression in blastocyst stage parthenotes. These results suggest that mGM-CSF may enhance viability of porcine embryos developing in vitro in a defined culture medium.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.270-276
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• 1994

Mycelial growth resistant isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea to benomyl showed 99~79% spore germination on the PSA media supplemented with 200~2,100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl to manifest the high cross-resistance in spore germination. Mycelial growth, 23~9 mm in colony diameter, also manifested the high cross-resistance of mycelial growth together with similarity of spore forming cross-resistance. Benomyl resistant isolates BR1, BR2 and BR3, grew 23~10 mm in colony diameter at 330~3,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of captafol, captan and oxine-copper showing the high double resistance of mycelial growth and spore formation with minor difference. However, within concentration range of the 3 fungicides tested, germinations of all the tested isolates were completely suppressed to show no double-resistance in the fungal spore germination.