• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.321-347
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• 2002

The Russian language uses more words that imply collectivism than Western Indo-European languages. In Korean, the first-person plural pronouns are used more often than in Western languages. In this respect, Russian seems to stand closer to the latter, although typologically it belongs to the Indo-European family. The predominance of 'we' over 'I,' which took place in the history of the Russian language, had something to do with the Russian commune and the ecclesiastical and spiritual concept of 'sobornost' (equation omitted). A similarity between the Russian and the Korean nations lies in a collective way of life as compared to Western nations. The Russian concepts of (equation omitted) and (equation omitted) ('commune') have direct analogues in the Korean language. In all societies a commune involves a certain sense of collectivity, or spiritual unity of the people - 'sobornost' (equation omitted). Korean collectivity is more familial and moral in character, whereas Russian 'sobornost' is more spiritual. This has its direct reflection in Korean and Russian languages. One can say that a sort of a family version of Russian 'sobornost' takes place in Korean society.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.43-59
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• 1999

Ideological characteristics and child rearing practices of North Korean society were studied with in-depth interviews of twelve adults who had escaped from North Korea since 1990 and with a questionnaire consisting of 17 items completed by 158 subjects who had also escaped from North Korea. There are 3 ideological characteristics of North Korea : Monotheism, collectivism, and patriarchalism. Collectivism resulted in collective behavior styles; monotheism made the hero worship of the Kim Il Sung lineage possible, and patriarchalism contributed to boy-preference and to differentiated sex-role expectations for their children. In practice, parents emphasize honesty and loyalty to the Communist Party, and they use praise as verbal reinforcement. Parents also emphasize obedience and control rather than democratic participation.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.67-92
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• 2009

This study investigates the relationship between Culture and online trust in three cultural dimensions: individualism, collectivism and long term orientation. For this purpose, this study proposes the empirical hypothesis to test the implication of the proposed model. The results are as follows. First, the purchase intention is influenced by the online trust in statistical sense. Second, the relationship between Culture and the antecedents of online trust are statistically established in three cultural dimensions: individualism, collectivism and long term orientation. The direction of future research is to develop the more refined hypothesis to test the empirical model in the field of on line trust and culture.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.69-77
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• 2020

Purpose: This research aims to verify the role of mobile shopping attributes, trustworthiness, and cultural dimensions on mobile shopping intentions in Saudi Arabia. The originality of the model stems from the verification of the moderating impact of cultural variables, namely collectivism and masculinity, and from the integration of trustworthiness as a variable depending on mobile shopping attributes. Research design, data and methodology: A survey was distributed to 233 consumers with different nationalities living in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis were carried out to verify the conceptual model and the moderating variables. Results: The findings support the influence of several innovation attributes, namely complexity and trialability on behavioral intentions, while relative advantage has a direct impact on trustworthiness. A few paths are moderated by masculinity and collectivism. Conclusions: Culture and mobile commerce attributes need to be thought out by managers as factors influencing mobile commerce segmentation for expatriates and locals. Trustworthiness is also a key factor of mobile shopping adoption. Limitations and future research ideas are presented to enrich the proposed model and improve its predictive validity.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 2003

Recently 'lookism' is prevalent in Korean society. Lookism is a thought that one of causes of unequality of the mankinds is the appearance. The appearance is not only endowed but is made by efforts. Korean market related beauty including cosmetics occupied over $15billion. The purpose of this study is to find the determinants of the appearance management behaviors. Considering social characteristics of Korea and previous literatures, Collectivism, body image were chosen as an explaining variables. And self-esteem, attitudes toward sex roles and the shopping orientation and some demographic variables were selected. For the data analysis, 514 questionnaire for male and female in Daegu were collected. The determinants of appearance management behaviors were perceived level of living, concerns toward thinness, shopping orientation, appearance evaluation, female, family oriented thinking, belief in appearance power, attitude toward sex roles.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.38-64
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• 2002

This paper presents research linking national culture and innovation. The research identifies how key features of Korean culture, collectivism and hierarchical authoritarianism, affect technological innovation. This perspective casts new light on cultural research that, while generally confirming national culture-innovation ties at the organization level, has had less success accounting for culture barriers to innovation in collectivist nations, especially at the interorganizational level. The data for this study was obtained from interviews and written sources. The paper introduces the concept of the social shaping of technology, with which the influence of culture on technological innovation is analyzed, and highlights the development of EDI systems in the collectivist Korean society. It draws attention to the interorganizational basis of collectivism and authoritarianism in the technology innovation process. Finally, Korean innovation systems are questioned, and some negative effects of the collectivist Korean culture at the interorganizational level are discussed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.87-99
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine how the life styles of Korean people are influenced by the value systems of different generations. We analyzed the survey data of the 869 Korean participants aged from 20 to 69. The following results were obtained. First, differences exist among generations in various values such as collectivism, authoritarianism, environmental control, individualism , universalism, egalitarianism, and environmental accommodation. Especially, the older generation shows high scores in collectivism, authoritarianism and environmental accommodation, among traditional values. On the other hand, younger generation scored a higher level in individualism and egalitarianism. Second, there is a generation gap in the life style, as shown in family activities, household work, consumption activities, and leisure activities. In family activities, leisure activities and consumption activities, the younger generations gained higher scores than the older generations. Third, Korean people's value systems affect their life styles. Also, it was found that the interaction between the genera(ion and the value systems affects the life styles of Korean people.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationships among consumer's values(individualism and collectivism), attitude, subjective norms, and visit intention using reasoned action theory(RAT). The data were collected from 12 5 customers who visited coffee shops in Seoul and Kyonggi and were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS and AMOS The result of the overall model analysis appeared as follows: χ2=11.347, df=2, p=0.003, GF I=0.966, NF I=0.946, CF I=0.954, RMR=0.05 The findings are as follows: First, collectivism had a positive influence on attitudes and subjective norms. Second, Individualism had a significant positive influence on attitude toward coffee shops, but not on subjective norms. Third, both attitude and subjective norm had positive effects on visit intention.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2016

This study is focused on the factors that reduce the high turnover rate of early childhood teachers against the backdrop of their poor work environment including long hours, work overload and low wage by identifying the effects of three sub-factors of justice on the collectivistic tendency and those of the job burnout on their turnover intention. To conduct this study, a survey was carried out childcare teachers of the Seoul and Metropolitan Area. Total of 283 valid female questionnaires were collected and utilized for analysis. According to the analysis, both procedural justice and interpersonal justice have positive effects on the collectivistic tendency and decrease the turnover intention. The interpersonal justice decreases the job burnout, whereas the distributive justice statistically significantly increases the job burnout. Also, the collectivistic tendency reduces the turnover intention. The job burnout increases the turnover intention, which is consistent with previous studies. Hence, increasing the interpersonal justice and the collectivistic tendency could be an option for dealing with the issue.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.24-33
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• 2015

This study attempted to identify the effects that would be brought about by the value inclination of agricultural and livestock products producers upon the intention to produce environment -friendly products. In this study, We analyzed the data used in Yang et al.(2014) with producers of agricultural and livestock products in Incheon-si and Gyeonggi-do. Total of 149 valid questionnaires were corrected and value inclination as divided into individualism orientation and collectivism orientation, it has been tried to identify whether the intention to produce environment-friendly products would vary with producer's orientation or not. According to the analysis result, individualism, collectivism perceived public certification and shard value were positive effect on production intention of environment-friendly product. This can be said to have been an attempt to establish a more effective and specific strategy through identifying the characteristics of producers that must be considered first of all in the process of establishing policies.