• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine shifts in the composition of the bacterial population in the intestinal tracts (ITs) of weaning piglets by antibiotic treatment using high-throughput sequencing. Methods: Sixty 28-d-old weaning piglets were randomly divided into two treatment groups. The Control group was treated with a basal diet without antibiotics. The Antibiotic group's basal diet contained colistin sulfate at a concentration of 20 g per ton and bacitracin zinc at a concentration of 40 g per ton. All of the pigs were fed for 28 days. Then, three pigs were killed, and the luminal contents of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were collected for DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing. Results: The results showed that the average daily weight gain of the antibiotic group was significantly greater (p<0.05), and the incidence of diarrhea lower (p>0.05), than the control group. A total of 812,607 valid reads were generated. Thirty-eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were found in all of the samples were defined as core OTUs. Twenty-one phyla were identified, and approximately 90% of the classifiable sequences belonged to the phylum Firmicutes. Forty-two classes were identified. Of the 232 genera identified, nine genera were identified as the core gut microbiome because they existed in all of the tracts. The proportion of the nine core bacteria varied at the different tract sites. A heat map was used to understand how the numbers of the abundant genera shifted between the two treatment groups. Conclusion: At different tract sites the relative abundance of gut microbiota was different. Antibiotics could cause shifts in the microorganism composition and affect the composition of gut microbiota in the different tracts of weaning piglets.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to investigate isolation and antimicrobial drug susceptibility of clinical mastitic milking total 610 (897 quaters) dairy cattles from 36 dairy farms in Gyeongnam south area (Cosung, Masan) during the period from March 1999 to August 2002. The results obtained were summerized as follows . 1. Incidence of bacterial infection in four quaters was showed that right anterior quarter was 178(19.8%), right posterior quarter was 292(32.6%), left anterior quarter was 148 (16.2%), and left posterior quarter was 279 (31.1%), respectively. Isolation rate of posterior two quarters was higher 2 times than anterior two quarters. 2. Incidence of double infections of 897 clinical mastitic milk were showed that single infection was 549 (61.2%), double infection was 167(18.6%), triple infection was 9(1%) and no isolation was 172(19.2%). 3. Isolation of infected etiologic bacteria was showed that Streptococci spp., was 267(31%), Staphylococci spp., was 267(41%), S aureus, was 48(5.6%), G(-) bacillus was 126(5.6%), and Corynebactrium spy. was 52(6%), respectively, from total 861 samples. 4. The results of antimicrobial drug susceptibility of all isolates were showed that Streptococci spp., Staphylococci spp., S aureus, (G)(-) bacillus, and Corynebactrium spp. were susceptible to cefuroxime, cefoperazone, amoxicillin, cefazolin, ampicilin, penicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, cloxacilin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxasole/trimetoprim, teteracyclin, and norfloxacin (> 70%), but some of them were resistant to neomycin, streptomycin colistin, and cephalothin(> 60). 5. The results of drug susceptibility obtained from each farms had different susceptibility, even though, etiological microorganisms were same in each farms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2009

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains can cause broad spectrum of human disease, including diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic colitis (HUS). We examined 868 samples was taken from bovine feces and carcass from January to December 2008 in Seoul. Twenty two (9.5%) shiga toxin -producing Escherichia coli were isolated from the 230 of bovine feces, and two (0.31%) were isolated from the 638 of carcasses. Serotype of E. coli isolates were O157 (10, 41.6%), O26 (10, 41.6%), O111 (1, 4.2%) and UT (3, 12.6%). In PCR, the isolates displayed three different stx gene combination (stx1 [2, 8.4%]), stx2 [3, 12.6%] and stx1 and stx2 [19,87.5%]). The eaeA and hlyA gene were found in 11 (45.8%) of the 24 strains. Saa gene was present only one strains (4.2%). Toxin typing using reverse passive latex agglutination test showed the same result in VT 1. But it showed different result in VT 2. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, all isolates were sensitive to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and colistin. Eighteen strains (75.0%) of 24 isolates showed the multi-resistant patterns with over 3 drugs. PFGE was performed after the genomic DNA of twenty four isolates was digested with Xba I. the 24 isolates showed 7 (A~G) PFGE type.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.600-627
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• 2016

Korea is one of the countries with a large veterinary antibiotics market, although antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is becoming a serious issue in many countries. The Korean government started to take interest in estimating the effects of livestock manure on rivers and agricultural soils and in monitoring of heavy metals, organic pollutants and antibiotics in the ambient water and soil. In this paper, pre-treatment methods to separate the selected antibiotics from solid samples were reviewed. It is essential to select an efficient and appropriate procedure for pre-treatment due to the high proportion of proteins and organics in biosolid samples. Pre-treatment consists of extraction followed by clean-up. Initially, homogenized samples were extracted by sonication, mechanical agitation or pressurized liquid extraction with methanol/acetonitrile/water mixture under acidic/basic conditions depending on the compound. However, aminoglycosides and colistin were extracted with 5% trichloroacetic acid and HCl, respectively. Since the ${\beta}-lactams$ are easily decomposed in acidic and basic conditions, they were extracted in neutral pH. Filtration with a membrane (pore size, $0.2{\mu}m$) or solid phase extraction with HLB and methanol, as eluents, was normally applied for the clean-up. At least, three different pre-treatment procedures should be adopted to screen all the selected antibiotics in solid samples.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1981

Shigella is one of the most prevalent pathogens for the diarrhoeal diseases in the developing countries. One hundered and six strains of shigella were isolated from January 1980 to August 1981 at the dept. of clinical pathology, Han Yang Medical Center. Subgroups of these strains were identified as one strain of S. dysenteriae, 98 strains of S. flexneri and 7 strains of S. sonnei. None of S. boydii was observed. Sex ratio, male to female was 48 to 58. Age distribution disclosed 6 cases under one year, 11 cases one to under 2 years and 21 cases(19.8%) two to under 3 years. Subtotal of 0 to 9 years showed 64 cases(60.4%). Susceptibility for antibiotics of these strains revealed dibekacin 100%, sisomicin 100%, amikacin 98.1%, cefazolin 97.2%, tobramycin 97.1%, gentamicin 95.2%, colistin 93.0%, minocycline 89.6%, kanamycin 83.0%, carbenicillin 18.9%, streptomycin 18.9%, tmp-smz 8.6%, ampicillin 2.8% and chloramphenicol 1.9%. Patterns of resistance to sulfa, streptomycin, chloramphenical and tetracycline have already started at the early part of 1960 decade. Although ampicillin was highly sensitive to shigella at the end of 1960 to the early part of 1970 decade, this study has disclosed high resistance to the strains. New antibiotics such as amikacin, cefazolin, dibekacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin have revealed highly sensitive to these strains, however, multiresistance for those antibiotics will be shown to be prevalent in this country within several years, where it is probably related to the unrestricted sale and use of antibiotics in man.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1178-1184
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• 2018

The spread of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the community is one of the main challenges for antibiotic treatment of community-onset infections. We evaluated the microbiological and molecular characteristics of stool samples from adults with comprehensive health examinations. Of 109 fecal samples, bacterial growth was observed in 86 samples and 61 gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified, of which 45 were Escherichia coli isolates (73.8%). Two isolates of Raoultella showed imipenem resistance, and both E. coli and Citrobacter freundii showed intermediate resistance to imipenem. Colistin resistance was identified in isolates of Klebsiella variicola and Salmonella subterranean, but no isolates carried mcr-1. As for E. coli genotypes, 35 sequence types were identified. $bla_{TEM-1}$, $bla_{TEM-30}$, and $bla_{CTX-M}$ were identified in 15, 1, and 4 E. coli isolates, respectively. In addition, all four Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carried $bla_{SHV}$. Many genotypes that have been identified in isolates causing human infections were found in isolates in this study. There is a need to control the rise and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens by fecal carriage.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.507-516
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• 1994

The purposes of this investigations were survey of the occurred bacterial diseases, development of new animal health drug, guidance to formers on the treatment and control methods of diseases. Some series of investigations have been carried out by microbiological, pathological and serological examinations. The results could be summarized as follows. 1. A total of 953 cases of outbreaked swine diseases have been diagnosed in Clinical pathology laboratories, Bayer Vet Res Institute during 8 years (from 1986 to 1993). The high incidence diseases were colibacillosis, pleuropneumonia, streptococcal infection and pasteurellosis in decreasing order. 2. Pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was the most important respiratory diseases and pasteurellosis by Pasteurella multocide could be confirmed in several cases. 3. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 50 strains were isolated and identified by biochemical and serological tests. In serotyping test, 22 isolated strains were serotype 5, 21 strains as serotype 2, each 2 strains as serotype 3 and 7 by the coagglutination test. 4. Colibacillosis and edema discase caused by Escherichia coli has been the most predominant outbreaked disease in this investigations. The 100 isolates of E coli strains were sensitive to amikacin, colistin, enrofloxacin, gentamycin and trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole. 5. Swine erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was confirmed 25 cases as acute septicemic forms. Isolates of E rhusiopathiae were highly sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, enrofloxcin, penicillin and tetracycline. 6. The 49 cases of hemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis in piglets were observed and 13 strains of Clostridium perfringens could be isolated and confirmed by biological and serological test. Isolates of Clostridium perfringens type C were highly sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, enrofloxacin, penicillin and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole. 7. The 14 strains of Streptococcus suis type II could be isolated from meningitis of piplets. 8. Polyserositis caused by Haemophilus parasuis and salmonellosis were observed and confirmed. Also Corynebacterial infections and several parasitosis have been also observed in this investigations.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 1994

A study on the isolation of Yersiniae from the feces of wild animals(mammals 376, birds 19 and reptiles 13) in zoo and the biotype and serotype and susceptibility of 12 antibiotics was carried. Out of 408 animals, Yersiniae were isolated from 28 animals(6.9%). Of 28 isolates, 27 isolates(96.4%) were Y. enterocolitica and 1(3.6%) was Y. kristensenii. According to the species, 25(6.6%) of Y. enterocolitica and 1(0.3%) of Y. kristensenii were isolated from 376 mammals, 2(15.4%) of Y. enterocolitica from 13 reptiles but not isolated from 19 birds. According to the eating pattern, 8(5.2%) of Y. enterocolitica were isolated from 155 carnivora, 13(10%) of Y. enterocolitica from 123 herbivora, and 6(4.9%) of Y. enterocolitica and 1(0.8%) of Y. enterocolitica from 123 omnivora. Out of 27 isolates of Y. enterocolitica, all were biotype 1. And predominant serotype was 0:21(40.7%), and 0:5(37.0%), 0:6(11.1%), 0:1(3.7%), 0:9(3.7%) and untypable(3.7%). Yersiniae isolated from zoo animals were resistant to cephalothin(100%), ampicillin(96.4%), carbenicillin(96.4%) and tetracycline(14.3%) and streptomycin(3.6%) and susceptible to chloramphenicol(100%), colistin(100%), gentamicin(100%), kanamycin(100%), nalidixic acid(100%), polymyxin B(100%) and tobramycin(100%). The predominant multiple resistance pattern was Am-Cf-Cb(82.1%), and Am-Cf-Cb-Te(10.7%) and Am-Cf-Cb-Te-Sm(3.7%).

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.22-25
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• 2006

Ochrobactrum anthropi, previously known as Achromobacter species biotypes 1 and 2 (CDC groups Vd-1, Vd-2), belong to the groups of non-Enterobacteriaceae- nonfermentative Gram negative bacilli. Achromobacter is not presently a recognized genus. Achromobacter xylosoxidans has been transferred to genus Alcaligenes as A. xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans, and "Achromobacter" sp. group Vd has been named Ochrobactrum anthropi. O. anthropi was isolated from a blood culture. Organisms were identified as O. anthropi by use of the biochemical test and the VITEK 2(bioMerieux, USA). The Organism was susceptible only to colistin, imipenem, meropenem, and tetracycline, but were resistant to amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, cefpirome, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, isepamcin, netilmicin, pefloxacin, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, tobramycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. We report the clinical and microbiologic characteristics of O. anthropi infection in the patient. This is the first case of O. anthropi infection after using a plant as medicine at Chosun University Hospital.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1983

We collected three hundred thirty-five strains of Salmonella typhi isolated from human sources during the period January to December 1982 Korea. Most of them were from general hospitals and city health center, the remaining one hundred sixtyone strains were obtained from other 12 provincial health centers among 335 testing strains. We used ninety-nine Vi-phages as distributed from International Center for Enteric phage Typing(ICEPT) in London. We found nine phage types among 335 strains of Salmonella typhi in this study. Additionally, I+IV, degraded Vi-positive and Vi negative strains were presented. This study documented the occurrence of the new $B_2$ type in Korea for the first time. The present basic phage type formula in Korea appeared to be A, $B_2,\;D_1,\;D_2,\;D_4,\;D_6,\;D_8,\;D_{12},\;E_1,\;E_9,\;D_1,\;M_1$, 40 and plus I+IV and degraded vi strains(Table 2). The current phage types of Salmonella typhi isolated in Korea 1982 were A, $B_2,\;D_1,\;D_2,\;D_6,\;D_8,\;E_1,\;M_1$ and 46 $M_1$ type was widely distributed all over the country, and E type was next predominant. Antibiotic susceptibility test were performed by means of Kirby-Bauer disc diffution method using 12 kind of antibiotics such as Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Cephalosporin, Chloramphenicol, Colistin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Nalidix acid, Neomycin, Polymyxin-B, Streptomycin and Tetracycline. The sensitivity pattern to antibiotics of Salmonelia typhi cultures were summarized.