• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.351-357
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• 2019

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate fungal contamination in a 31-year old university building in Seoul, Korea, and to study the inactivation of fungi using cold atmospheric pressure plasma(CAP). Methods: To investigate the fungal contamination in a university building, air samples were collected from five locations in the building, including two study rooms, a storage room, a laboratory, and a basement. The sampling was performed in a dry season(February to April) and in a wet season(July). To study the inactivation efficacy of fungi by CAP, airborne fungal concentrations were measured before and after the operation of the CAP generator. Results: Humidity was an important factor affecting fungal growth. The airborne fungal concentrations determined in the wet season(July) were significantly higher than those determined in the dry season(February to April). In the basement, the values determined in the dry and wet season were 319 and $3,403CFU/m^3$, respectively. The inactivation efficiency of fungi by CAP was 83-90% over five to nine days of operation. Conclusions: The university building was highly contaminated by airborne fungi, especially in summer. It is concluded that humidity is an important factor affecting fungal growth and CAP is a highly useful technique for inactivation of indoor airborne fungi.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.366-377
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• 2013

We examined the nutritive value of common grass species in the semi-arid rangelands of Borana in southern Ethiopia using local experience based herbage preference (LEBHP) perception and laboratory techniques. Local pastoralists in the study area were asked to identify common grass species and rank them according to the species' preferences and palatability to cattle. The pastoralists listed a total of 15 common grass species which were then sampled during the main rain and cold dry seasons and analyzed for crude protein (CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and ash content to verify pastoralists' claim regarding the quality of individual species. The relative feed value (RFV) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were also calculated using NDF and ADF contents. Spearman's rank correlation was used to examine possible relationships between laboratory results and pastoralists' experience on grass quality. Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon aucheri, Digitaria milanjiana, Eragrostis papposa and Panicum maximum were the top five species based on LEBHP perception. There were indications of inconsistency in terms of LEBHP perception among the different pastoral communities. The chemical composition of all grass species showed significant (p<0.05) variation between sites, seasons and species. The results showed that the CP values for the Borana rangelands were in the range of 8.7% in the main rain season to 5.1% for the cold dry season. The fiber constituents were relatively low in the main rain season compared to the cold dry season. Overall, Digitaria milanjiana had the highest CP (16.5%) content, while the least was recorded with Heteropogon contortus (10.8) and Aristida adoensis (9.8%) during the main rain season. It seems that the spatial variability of landscapes within the wider geographical regions, soil properties and texture, and land-use patterns probably contributed to site differences in species quality. Generally, the RFV of individual grass species was significantly (p<0.05) varied between and within sites. The ranking of species by pastoralists according to their preferences by cattle was highly correlated with the chemical composition of laboratory results of individual grass species with 'r' values for CP (0.94), ash (0.95), NDF (-0.98), ADF (-0.93) and ADL (-0.93). We suggest the complimentary use of LEBHP and laboratory techniques in evaluating the nutritive quality of rangeland forage species for sustainable animal production.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1511-1521
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• 2012

An attempt is made to analyse characteristic features of heavy rainfalls which occur at the metropolitan area of the Korean peninsular the on- and off- Changma season. For this, two representative heavy rainfall episodes are selected; one is the on-Changma season wherein a torrential rain episode happened at Goyang city on 12 July 2006, and the other is the off-Changma season, a heavy rainfall event in Seoul on 21 September 2006. Both recorded considerable amounts of precipitation, over 250mm in a half-day, which greatly exceeded the amount expected by numerical prediction models at those times, and caused great damage to property and life in the affected area. Similarities in the characteristics of both episodes were shown by; the location of upper-level jet streak and divergence fields of the upper wind over heavy rainfall areas, significantly high equivalent potential temperatures in the low atmospheric layer due to the entrainment of hot and humid air by the low-level jet, and the existence of very dry air and cold air pool in the middle layer of the atmosphere at the peak time of the rainfall events. Among them, differences in dynamic features of the low-level jet and the position of rainfall area along the low-level jet are remarkable.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1977

For four calender years (1971-1974), daily observations of weather conditions (air temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, cloud amount, fog, precipitation etc.) at six stations in the north western Pacific Ocean are used to calculate mean monthly values and to check extra-conditions. At Petropavlosk and Miko'skoe, where indicate the characteristics of modified continental climate, the temperature and humidity are high in summer, and Iow in winter. At A Dak and She Mya, where indicate the characteristics of warm current type maritime climate, humidity is high in all season and annual range of air temperature is nearly negligible. At Simusir and Vasi!' eva, where indicate the characteristics of cold current type maritime climate, humidity is high in all season and annual range of air temperature is $15^{\circ}C.$ As dry cooling power is relatively high in winter, working condition on deck is bad. Most of fogs are advection fog in the area of cold current type climate in summer.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2004

Effect of freshwater discharge on the long-term salt balance in the Northern and Central Indian River Lagoon (IRL) is successfully simulated by a new analytical solution to a water balance-based one-dimensional salt conservation equation. Sensitivity tests show that the salinity levels drop abruptly even during the dry season (November to May) due to the high surface runoff discharge caused by tropical storms, depressions, and passage of cold fronts. Increasing surface runoff and direct precipitation has risen by ten times, lowering the salinity level down to 12psu in the Northern Central zone, and to 17 psu in the Northern zone. However, the salinity level in the Southern Central zone has decreased to 25 psu. High sensitivity of the Northern Central zone to freshwater discharge can be partially explained by a rapid urbanization in this zone. During the dry season, less sensitivity of the Southern Central zone to the increased surface runoff is attributed to the proximity of the zone to the Sebastian Inlet and a strong diffusion condition possibly resulting from the seawater intrusion to the surficial aquifer at the Vero Beach. During the wet season, however, the whole study area is highly sensitive to freshwater discharge due to the weak diffusion conditions. High sensitivity of the IRL to the given diffusion conditions guarantees that the fresh-water release occurs during strong wind conditions, achieving both flood control in the drainage basin and a proper salinity regime in the IRL.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.868-870
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• 1999

A total of 69 ovaries were collected from 345 camels slaughtered in Maiduguri abattoir, North-Eastern part of Nigeria, to study the influence of season on ovary weight and corpus luteum count in the dromedary (single humped) camel (Camelus dromedaries). Right ovary was significantly heavier (p<0.01) and had more follicular fluid than the left. Although corpus luteum count increased gradually throughout the study period, no camel had 3 active corpora lutea and only 53 out of the total number had two. Ovarian activity seem to be higher in the cold dry harmattan season, November/December, than during the warmer post rainy season, September/October. These periods can be exploited by farmers, especially peasants who rely heavily on natural mating, to obtain greater conception rates and reduce the chance of failure during mating.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.77-90
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• 2021

This study aimed to assess the impact of abnormal climate events on the production of Italian ryegrass (IRG), such as autumn low-temperature, severe winter cold and spring droughts in the central inland, southern inland and southern coastal regions. Seasonal climatic variables, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, and sunshine duration, were used to set the abnormal climate events using principal component analysis, and the abnormal climate events were distinguished from normal using Euclidean-distance cluster analysis. Furthermore, to estimate the impact caused by abnormal climate events, the dry matter yield (DMY) of IRG between abnormal and normal climate events was compared using a t-test with 5% significance level. As a result, the impact to the DMY of IRG by abnormal climate events in the central inland of Korea was significantly large in order of severe winter cold, spring drought, and autumn low-temperature. In the southern inland regions, severe winter cold was also the most serious abnormal event. These results indicate that the severe cold is critical to IRG in inland regions. Meanwhile, in the southern coastal regions, where severe cold weather is rare, the spring drought was the most serious abnormal climate event. In particular, since 2005, the frequency of spring droughts has tended to increase. In consideration of the trend and frequency of spring drought events, it is likely that drought becomes a NEW NORMAL during spring in Korea. This study was carried out to assess the impact of seasonal abnormal climate events on the DMY of IRG, and it can be helpful to make a guideline for its vulnerability.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.807-817
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• 2016

Many onion growers and researchers assert that differences in soil type, agricultural practices, weather, and duration of prolonged onion cultivation in a particular field could affect onion bulb quality. This study evaluates the bulb quality of onions grown in different regions and determines the correlations between bulb characteristics and postharvest loss during cold and ambient storage. Soil and onion bulbs were collected from fields in six onion growing regions in Korea, during the growing season of 2011-2012. The fresh weight, dry matter content, and carbon (C), sulfur and magnesium contents of the onion bulbs were significantly affected by the location in which they were grown. Bulbs grown in Muan had the greatest number of scales, thinnest scale thickness, and the highest total soluble solids (TSS) and total flavonoids (TF). Bulbs originating from Jecheon had the lowest pyruvic acid (PA), total phenolics and TF. Storage loss of bulbs from the different regions was similar in refrigerated storage, but differed in ambient temperature storage. Bulb fresh weight was positively correlated with scale thickness (r = 0.617) and cold storage loss (CSL; r = 0.398). Dry matter content was positively correlated with C (r = 0.958) and TF (r = 0.256) contents, while it was negatively correlated with CSL (r = -0.424). CSL was primarily affected by the fresh weight, as well as the dry matter, C, and PA contents of the bulbs, while ambient storage loss was primarily influenced by the amount of TSS.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.622-629
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• 2019

Objectives: The occurrence of norovirus food poisoning in South Korea has been reported since 2003. This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of norovirus food poisoning outbreaks in Korea from 2006 to 2015 and to analyze the relationship between these outbreaks and climate factors. Methods: Data on norovirus food poisoning outbreaks were obtained from the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Data on climate factors were obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration. Frequency analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis were adopted for this study. Results: During the study period, norovirus was the greatest contributing factor of food poisoning outbreaks. Approximately half of the outbreaks of norovirus food poisoning occurred in winter. Average temperature, highest and lowest temperatures, precipitation, number of days with rainfall, and humidity all had a significant negative correlation with monthly number of outbreaks of norovirus food poisoning (p<0.05). Among these, the lowest and average temperature showed higher correlation coefficients. However, the sum of the outbreaks in spring and autumn was similar to that of winter, and more than one-third occurred in group meal-service settings, including school lunches. This was strongly assumed as the use of norovirus-contaminated groundwater for preparation of meals in some settings. Conclusion: The cold and dry of the winter season in Korea may assist the transmission of norovirus. Also, the use of groundwater in group meal service is suspected of inducing a larger scale of norovirus food poisoning. Both health authorities and community-based prevention and control measures are required to respond to these complex etiological outbreaks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1775-1780
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• 2001

The study was undertaken to find out the normal mean and variations in somatic cell count (SCC) of milk in crossbred and indigenous cows as influenced by stage of lactation, parity and season. On day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those cows, which were found negative in the CMT, were taken in the study. Paritywise differences in SCC were not significant between the 1st to 6th lactation and above. Similarly, stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. However, the seasons significantly (p<0.05) affected SCC count of milk. The SCC was lower during cold ($1.10{\times}10^5cells/ml$) and hot-dry ($1.11{\times}10^5cells/ml$) season then during hot-humid season ($2.14{\times}10^5cells/ml$). On an average SCC recorded were 1.26, 1.31, 1.54 and $1.61{\times}10^5$ cells per ml respectively in Tharparkar, Sahiwal, Karan Swiss and Karan Fries cows irrespective of stage of lactation, parity and season. Further, crossbred Karan Swiss and Karan Fries cows behave similar to the indigenous Tharparkar and Sahiwal cows but are more vulnerable to hot-humid climate then indigenous ones. Significant correlation between the SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation (1.38 to $1.74{\times}10^5cells/ml$) and parity (1.47 to $1.63{\times}10^5cells/ml$) suggested that the SCC/ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation.