• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.407-412
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• 2003

In order to measure an antifreezing tolerance, antifreeze proteins accumulated upon cold acclimation in apoplast were analyzed. As Dongborilho were cold-acclimated for 3 to 74 days there was an abrupt increase in apoplastic proteins up to 30 days and then decrease to the similar levels. Among the known antifreeze proteins, CLP produced in E. coli. and TLP purified from apoplast were used to generate antisera that allow to measure and localize the proteins in leaves of barley. The CLP of 27.7 kDa and TLPs of 6, 26, 27, 30, and 31 kDa were increased in their amounts in apoplast as cold treatment being longer. There was a correlation among the amounts of those proteins accumulated in apoplast and freezing tolerance as shown in field and ion leakage tests for five cultivars. The deposit of CLP was localized in the marginal area and the area adjacent to leaf vescular bundle cells in an increasing manner according to duration of cold acclimation but no variation was observed in terms of it's distribution. Based on the close correlation between levels of antifreeze proteins and degrees of freezing tolerance, the immunological methods was to develop to estimate a freezing tolerance in barley.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.244-250
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• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the change in freezing tolerance of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. penkinensis). Four-week old seedlings grown in a greenhouse at $25^{\circ}C$$\pm$0.5 were transferred to 5, 10 or 15$^{\circ}C$ condition for acclimation for one day, and then transferred to a lethal temperature of -3$^{\circ}C$ condition. Optimal acclimation temperatures were 5$^{\circ}C$ and 1$0^{\circ}C$. Freezing tolerance of leaf tissues was investigated during a week-long cold stress. Development of freezing tolerance was shown by survival ratio, and amounts of total RNA, soluble protein and soluble sugar. LT$_{50}$ value increased from -3 to -4$^{\circ}C$ after 5 days acclimation at 5 or 1$0^{\circ}C$, and this was considered to be the first indication of enhanced freezing tolerance. Plants, cold acclimated for five days, reached to a survival ratio of 60%. This increase in freezing tolerance was found to be associated with the increased levels of total RNA, soluble sugar and soluble protein. These metabolic changes imply the association of adjustment of growth and cell metabolism with low temperatures at the beginning of cold acclimation in chinese cabbage.e.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.468-471
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• 2002

The present study was undertaken to Investigate the effects of low temperature and salicylic acid (SA) on chilling tolerance In acclimated and nonacclimated cucumber seedlings. Acclimation significantly affected survival and shoot dry weights. Injuries of acclimated seedlings at the third leaf stage were on the average smaller by half than those of the nonacclimated ones. Chilling caused a large increase in free proline levels, regardless of acclimation status. Exogenous treatment with SA resulted in improvement in growth and survival of acclimated, chilled seedlings, indicating SA and acclimation have common effects. Cycloheximide treatment In the presence of SA restored acclimation-induced chilling tolerance. An elevated proline level was observed in cold-treated and SA- treated plants and the level was more pronounced in the light than in the dark at chilled temperature, indicating that endogenous proline may play a role in chilling tolerance.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.1173-1181
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• 2002

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of low temperature and salicylic acid(SA) on the chilling tolerance of acclimated and nonacclimated cucumber(Cucurmis sativus L.) seedlings. The acclimation phenomenon was characterized in chilling-sensitive cucumber seedlings and found to have a significant effect on the survival and shoot dry weights. The injuries experienced by the acclimated seedlings in the third leaf stage were on average smaller by half than those experienced by the nonacclimated seedlings. Chilling also caused a large increase in the free proline levels, regardless of the acclimation status. Exogenous treatment with SA(0.5mM) resulted in improved growth and survival of the nonacclimated chilled seedlings, indicating that SA induced chilling tolerance and SA and acclimation had common effects. The application of cycloheximide in the presence of SA restored the acclimation-induced chilling tolerance. The elevated proline level observed in the cold-treated and SA-treated plants was more pronounced in the light than in the dark at a chilled temperature, indicating that endogenous proline may play a role in chilling tolerance by stabilizing the water status in response to chilling. From these results it is suggested that SA provided protection against low-temperature stress by increasing the proline accumulation, and pre-treatment with SA may induce antioxidant enzymes leading to increased chilling tolerance.

• Plant Resources
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2004

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) accumulate in the leaves of barley during cold acclimation, where they may inhibit ice recrystallization and produce freezing resistance of the plant. Four parental diallel crosses of the barley varieties were used to determine the heritability of AFPs and the relationship between the accumulation level of AFPs and freezing resistance. The concentration of apoplastic proteins in the cold-acclimated leaves was increased in the mean by four-fold over as compared with that of nonacclimated. The diallel cross analyses revealed that the gene of Sacheon 6 was dominant and those of Reno and Dongbori 1 were recessive. The AFPs had high narrow-sense heritabilities. The general combining ability effects of Reno and Dongbori 1 were much higher than the other parents. The bands of 32-kD for GLP, 35-& 28-kD for CLP and 25-, 22- & 16-kD for TLP were observed in the apoplastic extracts from cold-acclimated plants, but there were no clear differences between the parents and Fl hybrids. The concentrations of AFPs were significantly correlated with the degree of freezing resistance, indicating that the concentration of AFPs in the plant is the very important factor for freezing resistance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Kale (Brassica oleracea) biosynthesizes various phytochemicals including glucosinolates, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Phytochemicals of plants are influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and growing conditions. Specifically, carotenoids are affected by temperature, light, and oxygen. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold stress (day/night: $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C/15^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$) on carotenoids in kale leaves. METHODS AND RESULTS: Kale was grown in pots for up to 50 days after sowing (DAS) in a greenhouse. For cold acclimation experiments, kale grown in growth chambers for 3 days and was subjected to low temperature for 4 days. The conditions maintained in the growth chambers were as follows: photoperiod, 12/12 h (day/night); light, fluorescent; and relative humidity, 60%. Carotenoid (lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$) contents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total carotenoid content gradually increased during cold acclimation for 3 days. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the total carotenoid content was high at $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$ treatment, but low at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. The total carotenoid content of kale leaves continuously grown in greenhouse decreased from 50 to 57 DAS (1,418 and 1,160 mgkg-1 dry wt., respectively). The lutein, ${\alpha}-carotene$, and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents were very low and the zeaxanthin contents were very high at $15^{\circ}C/10^{\circ}C$ treatment. When kale was subjected to cold stress, the ratio of individual to the total carotenoid contents of kale leaves was 4553% for -carotene and 210% for zeaxanthin. CONCLUSION: The ${\beta}-carotene$ and zeaxanthin contents in kale leaves indicate their sensitiveness toward cold stress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.195-196
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• 1998

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1999

Change of proteins was confirmed during low temperature acclimation of overwintering larva, and some biochemical characteristics of the induced antifreeze protein-1 (AFP-1) were investigated in Protaetia brevitarsis. As the freezing point depression by the action of induced AFPs, a considerable thermal hysteresis was observed in the haemolymph and in partially purified proteins. AFP-1 was purified from the cold acclimation larvae by ammonium sulfate precipitation ion exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, and electroelution. The purified AFP-1 was determined to be a glycoprotein (approximately 320 kDa, pl 5.8) composed of a single type of subunit (80 kDa). The high contents of hydrophilic amino acids (Asp, Glu, Lys, Asn, Gln, Arg, Ser, Thr) were also confirmed, showing similarity with antifreeze proteins from other insects.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 1986

The activities of serum of serum lactate dehydrogenase (SLDH), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP), serum creatine phosphokinase (SCPK), and their isozymes were determined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats acclimated to cold environment $(4\\pm1^\\circC)$ for 36 days. The SLDH activity was significantly higher in the early stage of acclimated period. The steady state of SLDH activity seemed to be reached by the end of acclimated period. Electrophoretic separation of serum of control rat showed three SLDH isozymes. Isozymes SLDH4 and SLDH5 appeared most prominently, whereas only trace of SLDH1 or SLDH2 was found. The increase in SLDH level during acclimation to cold environment is a reflection of an immediate increase in the SLDH1, SLDH2, and SLDH3 type of SLDH isozyme. The acclimation to cold environment increased significantly level of SALP in the early state of acclimated period. SALP activity showed a attaining steady state with the resting level after transient rise. Electrophoretic separation of SALP of control rats showed the SALP1 and SALP2 fractions. The transient rise in SALP activity of rats acclimated to cold environment coincided with a transient rise in SALP1 fraction. Immediately after exposure to cold environment, there was significant elevation in SCPK activity. Value returned to normal after transient rise. A new steady state of SCPK activity seemed to be reached by 36 days. It may be inferred from the above data that thermal compensation appears to result from a change in the activity of an enzyme and that the SLDH, SLDH-isozyme, SALP-isozyme, and SCPK may be involved directly or indirectly in thermoregulation during acclimation to cold environment.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

The cold shock domain (CSD) is among the most ancient and well conserved nucleic acid binding domains from bacteria to higher animals and plants. The CSD facilitates binding to RNA, ssDNA and dsDNA and most functions attributed to cold shock domain proteins are mediated by this nucleic acid binding activity. In prokaryotes, cold shock domain proteins only contain a single CSD and are termed cold shock proteins (Csps). In animal model systems, various auxiliary domains are present in addition to the CSD and are commonly named Y-box proteins. Similar to animal CSPs, plant CSPs contain auxiliary C-terminal domains in addition to their N-terminal CSD. Cold shock domain proteins have been shown to play important roles in development and stress adaptation in wide variety of organisms. In this review, the structure, function and regulation of plant CSPs are compared and contrasted to the characteristics of bacterial and animal CSPs.