• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.183-201
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• 1999

This descriptive correlational study was conducted to identify the variables related to health promoting lifestyle of girls in High school students. 156 high school students and 88 vocational high school students who lives in Taegu city were selected by a convenience sampling method. The data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from August 24 to September 4. 1998. Pender and others' Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile. Shere et al's. Self-Efficacy scale. Wallston et al.' s Internal Health Locus of Control scale. Wares' Health self rating scale and Cohen & Hoberman's Social support scale were used. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient. t-test. MANOVA. ANOVA. Tukey verification and Stepwise multiple regression with SAS progrom. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The average score of health promoting lifestyle performance was 2.34(SD=.36)points by the 4 point scale. 2. The combination of self-efficacy. internal health locus of control. mather's educational level and type of school explained $41.31\%$ of the variance of health promoting lifestyle. 3. Health promoting lifestyle showed significant positive correlations with self efficacy(r=.5173. p=.001), perceived health status(r=.254, p=.001) and internal health locus of control(r=.321. p=.001). On the basis of the above findings, self-efficacy in cognitive factors. and social support in modifying factors were identified as the variables which explained the most part of the Pender's health-promotion model. Nursing strategies enhancing self-efficacy which has the most significant effect on health promoting lifestyle should be developed. Further research is required to find out the factors influencing health pormoting lifestyle of high school students.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.503-511
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• 2014

Liberal education in colleges and universities embrace the concept of general education to enhance individual's morality, intelligence and identity. In consideration of physical education aim to develop cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains as a whole person education, liberal education and general physical education share the same values and objectives. Suppose physical education and liberal education shared same initial values, general physical education should take possession of the core means to achieve liberal education goals. To this end, it is necessary to inspect the actual statement of general physical education curriculum carefully, to find potential problems and prevent them in advance, and also explore future directions. In the current investigation, researchers found potential problems through identifying operation status of general physical education in 10 national universities. In addition, researcher provided future directions of general physical education in college and university including 'take possession of core means for liberal education', 'making diverse general physical education curriculum', 'move away from physical skill-centered education', 'general physical education as a whole body education' and 'increase opportunity of general physical education'.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.21-40
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find the tendencies and differences of mother's child-rearing anxiety before and after their children enter into elementary school, to analyze the factors influencing child-rearing anxiety at each time, and thereby to seek a support plan at the time of transition. Methods: The subjects of this study were 181 mothers who participated in two surveys which were conducted before and after their child entered into elementary school. Results: Firstly, mother's child-rearing anxiety before and after their children's entrance into elementary school was at a middle level, but increased significantly when they experienced their children's transition to elementary school. Secondly, mother's child-rearing anxiety, before their children's entrance into elementary school, was influenced by private education, the collection of educational information, cognitive ability, whether or not to develop a work status change plan, and birth order sequentially. Thirdly, child-rearing anxiety after their children's entrance into elementary school was significantly influenced by child-rearing anxiety before their children's entrance into elementary school and the mother's employment. Conclusion/Implications: This study is meaningful in the point that it suggested the necessity for the cooperation between multiple systems, such as systematic and stepwise parenting education, the importance of offering information to educational institutions and local governments, and for work- family support policy to prioritize children in order to support children's successful transition into elementary school.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.121-135
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• 2004

'Long-life' which has been the perennial interest to human beings also carries the risk of multiple losses such as the death of the family members and friends, the loss of physical and cognitive functions. In that regards, living a long life to be the 'oldest-old' could mean not only a 'symbol of successful aging' but also a hardship and low quality of life at the same time. Therefore, the issue of the quality of life of the oldest old has been the subject of the much of the public and research concern in recent days. While there has been increased awareness about the importance of the subjective aspects of the quality of life and meanings attached to the extended life, most researches on the quality of life of the oldest-old have focused only on the objective conditions of the quality of life such as health, economic status and housing conditions. To overcome these limitations this study aims to explore the subject meaning of 'living a long life' in Korean society by investigating centenarians and their caregivers' interpretations of aging experiences. Qualitative data were gathered from the forty-nine Korean centenarians and their caregivers through in-depth interview. Each interview was tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Researchers read each transcript a number of times to get some emerging themes. Most striking result was the fact that most of the centenarians express the 'guilty feelings' and try to offer the 'excuses' about their long life. This results were quite contrary to the results of the studies, done in Japan and western countries like Sweden, United States and Germany, where most of the oldest-old express quite positive interpretations about their long-life and take pride in their longevity. Lack of social support, cohort characteristics of the Korean oldest-old and the cultural interpretations linking the death of children to the long life of older generation are given as possible factors to these unique findings of Korean study. The policy implications of the results are discussed.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.193-217
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• 2019

Researchers have observed one student who had difficulty in formulating a division equation. In the context of determination of a unit rate problem based on one student's case and previous research, we tried to examine in detail how students expressed the division formula, how to select the dividend and the divisor, and how they learned about those. First, a questionnaire was developed to analyze student's reactions and applied to the research participants. Interviews were conducted to discover how the participants choose the dividends and divisors derived from their cognitive characteristics corresponding to their selection method. The research exposed that the majority of the participants had difficulty in deciding the dividends and divisors. Moreover, the research indicated information that teaching methods need to be reformed. Finally, we obtained suggestions to place emphasis on how to decide a dividend and a divisor, why they made such selection and what the equation means. We proposed a learning method for the research above.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.409-416
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• 2013

Attention is one of important cognitive functions in human affecting on the selectional concentration of relevant events and ignorance of irrelevant events. The discrimination of attentional and inattentional status is the first step to manage human's attentional capability using computer assisted device. In this paper, we newly combine the non-linear recurrence pattern analysis and spectrum analysis to effectively extract features(total number of 13) from the electroencephalographic signal used in the input to classifiers. The performance of diverse types of attention-inattention classifiers, including supporting vector machine, back-propagation algorithm, linear discrimination, gradient decent, and logistic regression classifiers were evaluated. Among them, the support vector machine classifier shows the best performance with the classification accuracy of 81 %. The use of spectral band feature set alone(accuracy of 76 %) shows better performance than that of non-linear recurrence pattern feature set alone(accuracy of 67 %). The support vector machine classifier with hybrid combination of non-linear and spectral analysis can be used in later designing attention-related devices.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.710-718
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between fatigue, and self-efficacy in patients with lung cancer. Method: The data was collected from January 21th to April 8th 2001. The study subjects were recruited from K hospital in Pusan, Korea. Their fatigue was measured using the 22-item Revised Piper Fatigue Scale developed by Piper et al. (1998) and translated by the investigators, and self-efficacy was measured using the 10-item General Self-efficacy Questionnaire developed by Lee, Schwarzer & Jerusalem. The data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 program using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Post-hoc test (Scheffe's test), and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. Result: 1) The mean fatigue score was $118.48{\pm}33.02$ (range: 22-220). The scores for sub-dimension were $35.40{\pm}10.06$ in behavior/severity, $25.98{\pm}9.06$ in affective score, $27.88{\pm}10.06$ in sensory score, and $29.22{\pm}8.27$ in cognitive/mood. The mean self-efficacy score was $28.80{\pm}5.85$. 2). There were significant differences in the fatigue of patients with lung cancer on income per month (F=4.651, p= .014), 'present pain' (F=2.601, p= .012), 'change of weight' (F=5.911, p= .005), by general characteristics. 3) There were significant differences in the self-efficacy of patients with lung cancer on 'religion' (F=3.732, p= .031), 'employment status' (F=5.525, p= .003), 'past therapy' (F=2.869, p= .034), by general characteristics 4) There was a significant negative correlation between fatigue and self-efficacy (r=- .528, p= .000). Conclusion: Patients with lung cancer experience fatigue. Increased fatigue is associated with decreased self-efficacy. Nurses must provide patients with nursing care for the less occurrence of fatigue and interventions to manage self-efficacy for them.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2002

During acute stages of hospitalized stroke patients, family caregivers face many challenges. They often experience emotional distress, social isolation, and financial constraints. However, the burden of caregiving of stroke patients in acute stages has never been studied properly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to the caregivers' burden with acute stroke. The subjects were 123 acute stroke patients and their caregivers who were admitted to neurology and neurosurgery units at Dan Kook University Hospital in Chung-Nam area. An interview was performed with the use of standardized questionnaire which included data pertaining to the patients/caregivers characteristics, caregiver burden (Modified Zarit's Burden Scale), and social support (Personal Resource Questionnaire). Our results showed that the mean burden score was 3.11, indicating high level of burden. Among the sub-domain scores, financial burden was the highest. In univariate analysis, the factors related to caregiver burdens were: inability to communicate between patients and caregiver(p<.001); low cognitive function of the patients(p<.001); low level of ADL(p<.001); the gender of caregiver(p<.001); the current employment status of caregivers(p<.01); the presence of social support for caregiver(p<.001); and the availability of alternative caregivers(p<.001). In multiple regression analysis, social support for family caregivers (87%), low level of patient's cognition (2%), availability of 2nd caregiver (1%), and gender of caregiver (female, 0.4%) were significant explanatory factors of overall burden. The caregivers' burden in acute stages during hospitalization following stroke was high. Recognition of high levels of caregivers' burden and those relating factors affecting caregiver burden may allow us to develop different nursing strategies to unload the level of burden for caregivers in acute stages of stroke.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-61
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• 2007

Objective : By examining EEG status in Korean Traditional Medicine (KTM) from the viewpoint of 'form-qi theory(形氣論)', We wish to prepare for the fundamentals of applicability of KTM diagnoses to EEG. In addition, through reinterpretation of existing Western Medicine reports from the viewpoint of KTM, We tried to find out interrelationship between them. Method : In this paper, a methodology applicable to KTM diagnoses of EEG is presented from the EEG features in waveform characteristics, personalized diversity, and cognitive activity reflection. Results : Frequency bands are assigned to corresponding one of the eight trigrams in terms of yin/yang balance, which is analogous with EEG spectrum analysis mostly used in EEG quantification. The amplitude ratio of each EEG for each frequency band gives meaningful index numbers which can be used in EEG data interpretation, and every index number is named after the sixty four hexagrams. These approaches are adopted through both '4-band classification system and '6-band classification system', and applied to pre-existing reported EEG data obtained from normal adults. These analyses show that changes and distribution pattern in the index numbers are observed as a whole on both left-right line and front-back line connecting EEG measurement cephalic electrodes. And differences in distribution pattern of three index numbers deduced from '6-band classification system' are discussed according to constitution. Conclusion : The index numbers introduced here, which are the spectral power ratio for each EEG, are based on KTM yin/yang balance. These index numbers vary according to cephalic location, so its application in terms of traditional meridian theory is strongly expected. The index number distribution also shows different patterns according to constitution.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9753-9757
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• 2014

Purpose: To study the quality of life and to identify associated factors among breast cancer patients undergoing treatment in national cancer centers in Nepal. Materials and Methods: One hundred breast cancer patients were selected and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer EORTC-QLQ-C30 and EORTC-QLQ-BR23 were used to assess quality of life and modified Medical Outcome Study -Social Support survey(mMOS-SS) was used to assess social support. Only multi-item scales of EORTC C30 and BR23 were analyzed for relationships. Independent sample T-tests and ANOVA were applied to analyze differences in mean scores. Results: The score of global health status/quality of life (GHS/GQoL) was marginally above average (mean=52.8). The worst performed scales in C-30 were emotional and social function while best performed scales were physical and role function. In BR-23, most of the patients fell into the problematic group regarding sexual function and enjoyment. Almost 90% had financial difficulties. Symptom scales did not demonstrate many problems. Older individuals, patients with stage I breast cancer and thosewith good social support were found to have good GHS/GQoL. Of all the influencing factors, social support was established to have strong statistical associations with most of the functional scales: GHS/GQoL (0.003), emotional function (<0.001), cognitive function (0.020), social function (<0.001) and body image function (0.011). Body image was significantly associated with most of the influencing factors: monthly family income (0.003), type of treatment (<0.001), type of surgery (<0.001), stage of cancer (0.017) and social support (0.011). Conclusions: Strategies to improve social support of the patients undergoing treatment should be given priority and financial difficulties faced by breast cancer patients should be well addressed from a policy making level by initiating health financing system.