• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.371-377
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate effect of driver's cognitive distraction on driver's physiological state and driving performance, and then to determine parameters appropriate for detecting the cognitive distraction. Background: Driver distraction is a major cause of traffic accidents and poses a serious threat to traffic safety due to ever increasing use of in-vehicle information systems and mobile phones during driving. Cognitive distraction, among four different types of distractions, prevents a driver from processing traffic information correctly and adapting to change in surround vehicle behavior in time. However, the cognitive distraction is more difficult to detect because it normally does not involve significant change in driver behavior. Method: A full-scale driving simulator was used to create virtual driving environment and situations. Participants in the experiment drove the driving simulator in three different conditions: attentive driving with no secondary task, driving and conducting secondary task of adding numbers, and driving and conducting secondary task of conversing with an experimenter. Parameters related with driver's physiological state and driving performance were measured and analyzed for their change. Results: The experiment results show that driver's cognitive distraction, induced by secondary task of addition and conversation during driving, increased driver's cognitive workload, and indeed brought change in driver's physiological state and degraded driving performance. Conclusion: The galvanic skin response, pupil size, steering reversal rate, and driver reaction time are shown to be statistically significant for detecting cognitive distraction. The appropriate combination of these parameters will be used to detect the cognitive distraction and estimate risk of traffic accidents in real-time for a driver distraction warning system.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2012

이 연구는 공간인지 이론을 기반으로 하여 최근에 급격히 발달하고 있는 길찾기 목적의 웹지도 효과를 측정하기 위한 기본 개념과 평가틀을 설정하고 정량적 분석방법을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 특정 지도사용상황에서 길찾기 과제를 수행한 후 지도사용으로 얼마나 효과적으로 공간인지가 이루어졌는지를 측정하는 '인지적 지도사용효과'의 개념과 정확성, 신속성, 자신감의 분석항목을 기반으로 하는 평가틀을 제안하였다. 제안한 평가틀을 실증적으로 검증하기 위해 실험조사를 실시하고, 실험 결과물인 인지지도를 2차원 회귀분석 방법을 적용하여 실험결과를 계량화하였다. 분석결과, 공간을 정확하게 인식하거나 빠르게 회상하는 데에는 지도표현방법보다 사용자의 특성과 반복적인 지도사용 등의 요소가 영향을 미치며, 2차원 지도와 3차원 지도를 동시에 참조하는 경우 공간인지에 대한 자신감이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구결과는 효과적일 것이라고 예상되는 새로운 지도표현방법이 실제로 그렇지 않거나, 사용자마다 효과적이라고 판단하는 지도표현방법이 다른 이유에 대한 근거를 제공해 준다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between cognitive and motor inhibition by comparing muscle activity and ground reaction force during unplanned gait termination according to reaction time measured through the stop-signal task. Methods: Sixteen young adults performed a stop-signal task and an unplanned gait termination separately. The subjects were divided into fast and slow groups based on their stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), as measured by the stop-signal task. Electromyography (EMG) and ground reaction force (GRF) were compared between the groups during unplanned gait termination. The data for gait termination were divided into three phases (Phase 1 to 3). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare spatiotemporal gait parameters and EMG and GRF data between groups. Results: The slow group had significantly higher activity of the tibialis anterior in Phase 2 and Phase 3 than the fast group (p <0.05). In Phase 1, the fast group had significantly shorter time to peak amplitude (TPA) of the soleus than the slow group (p <0.05). In Phase 2, the TPA of the tibialis anterior was significantly lower in the fast group than the slow group (p <0.05). In Phase 3, there was no significant difference in the GRF between the two groups (p >0.05). There were no significant difference between the two groups in the spatiotemporal gait parameters (p >0.05). Conclusion: Compared to the slow group, the fast group with cognitive inhibition suppressed muscle activity for unplanned gait termination. The association between SSRT and unplanned gait termination shows that a participant's ability to suppress an incipient finger response is relevant to their ability to construct a corrective gait pattern in a choice-demanding environment.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제17권32호
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• pp.243-253
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• 1994

Work environments have been changed with the advent of new technologies, such as computer technology. The newer technologies, the more changes in our work conditions. However, human cognitive limits can't keep up with the change of work environments. Mental workload has been an important factors in designing modem work environments such as human-computer interaction. Designing man-machine systems requires knowledge and evaluation of the human cognitive processes which control information flow workload. Futhermore, under an urgent situation, human operator may suffer the work stress, work error, and resultant deleterious work performance. To describe the work performance in the urgent work situations, with time stress and dynamic event occurence, a new concept of information density was introduced. For a series of experiments performed for this study, three independent variables(information amount system processing time, information density) were evaluated using such dependent variables as reaction time, number of error, and number of failure. The results of statistical anlysiss indicate that the amount of information effected on all of five dependent measure. Number of failure and number of secondary task score were effected by both amount of information and operational speed of system, but reaction time of secondary task were effected by both amount of information and information density.

• 인지과학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.221-239
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• 1989

한글 낱말의 처리단의를 검증하기 위해 3개의 실험을 실시 하였다.예비 실험과 실험1은 한음절 글자, 실험 2는 2음절 이상 글자에서의 처리단위를 밝혀보고자 하였다.예비실험에서,자음유형효과는 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았으나 낱말 위치 효과는 유의미했다.Newman-Keuls 검증결과 초성조건과 중성조건간 차이는 유의미하지 않았으나 중성조건과 중성조건간의 차이는 유의미했다.실험 1에서는 낱자수가 증가함에 따라 반응시간도 증가했다.낱말 위치 효과는 예비실험과 동일했다.실험 2에서는 종성유무와는 관계없이 음절이 증가함에 따라 반응시간이 증가했다.본 연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다:(1)한 음절의 글자에서는 초성과 종성으로만 구성된 음절을 단위로 정보처리가 이루어지나 (2) 두 음절이상의 글자에서는 종성이 포함된 음절을 단위로 정보처리가 이루어진다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2004

Oxygen is an essential element for human beings' physical and mental activities, and in particular, plays an important role in brain functions. The present study attempted to investigate the effects of supply of highly concentrated (30%) oxygen on human ability of visuospatial cognition, compared to air of normal oxygen concentration (21%). This study sampled eight male university students (the average age: 23.5) as subjects. An equipment that supplies 21% and 30% oxygen at a constant rate of 8L/min was developed. Two types of questionnaire containing 20 questions were developed to measure the ability of visuospatial cognition, and accuracy and reaction time were calculated from the result of task performance. The average accuracy was $50.63{\pm}8.63$ [%] and $62.50{\pm}9.64$[%] for 21%and 30% oxygen respectively, and a statistically significant difference was found in the accuracy between the two types of oxygen. The average reaction time was $6.60{\pm}O.77$ [sec] and $7.23{\pm}0.69$ [sec] for 21%and 30% oxygen respectively, and a statistically significant difference was not found in the reaction time. The results showed that there is no difference in the average reaction time but the average accuracy rises with the supply of highly concentrated (30%) oxygen, indicating that the supply of highly concentrated oxygen has a partially positive effect on the ability of visuospatial cognition.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.73-88
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• 2004

This study was contrived Hierarchical Information Search (HIS) model. HIS model is based on a “cognitive process” in which model, comprising basic human information processing mechanize and information interaction. Its process include 3 semantic cognitive processes: Schema-Association LTM, Form Domain, and Alternative Selection. Design methodology consists to elicitate memory, thinking and cognitive response variables. In case study, menu structure of mobile phone was applied. In result, a correlation between predictive error rate and real error rate was .892. and a correlation between selective and real reaction time was .697. This present to suggest a model of how the methodology could be applied to real system design effectively when this was used. HIS model could become one of the most important factors for success of product design. In the perspective, the systemic methodology would contribute to design a quantitative and predictive system.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.230-242
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of the computerized cognitive rehabilitation program in which areas and to suggest effective ways to utilize the program in the future, being conducted for 20 college students. We lasted this study from May 3 to 23, 2021. As a result of analyzing the groups using the Computer-based Cognitive Rehabilitation Program (CoTras), in terms of the difference in accuracy for the case of visual perception group B was statistically significantly improved than group C(p<0.05). In the case of attention, memory, and orientation, there was no significant difference between groups(p>0.05). In the case of reaction time difference, there was no significant difference between groups in visual perception, concentration, memory, and orientation(p>0.05). And in order to improve attention and visual perception, it is recommended to conduct the program three times with a duration of 20 minutes, and in order to improve orientation and memory, it can be said that it is helpful to conduct one experiment for at least 30 minutes rather than conducting short and frequent experiments. Through this study, we found that it is effective to apply different times according to each area to improve cognitive function. In other words, depending on the purpose of which cognitive function is to be improved, the duration of the program should be applied differently.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.405-408
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• 2012

Purpose: We examined the effect of dual-task and single-task training on serial reaction time (SRT) task performance to determine whether SRT is based more on motor or perception in a dual-task. Methods: Forty healthy adults were divided into two groups: the dual-task group (mean age, $21.8{\pm}1.6$ years) and the single-task group (mean age, $21.7{\pm}1.6$ years). SRT task was conducted total 480 trial. The four figures were presented randomly 16 times. A unit was set as 1 block that would repeat 10 times. Thus, there were a total of 160 trials for each of the three color conditions. The dual-task group performed an SRT task while detecting the color of a specific shape. The end of the task, subjects answered the specific shape number; the single-task group only performed the SRT task. The study consisted of three parts: pre-measurement, task performance, and post-measurement. Results: Differences of pre and post reaction time between two group was higher for the dual-task group as compared to the single task group and there was a significant interaction between time and group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that. short term period SRT is not quiet effective under dual-task conditions, individuals need additional cognitive processes to successfully navigate a task This suggests that dual-task training might not be appropriate for motor learning enhancement, at least when the training is over a short period.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the cognitive function in the elderly and to identify the influencing factors. Methods: The design of this study was descriptive research design. A total of 139 elderly people (aged 65 years and over) visiting the electroencephalogram (EEG) center in Seoul, Korea were evaluated. Data were assessed by self-administered questionnaires and CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS). Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows. Results: There were significant differences in the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), executive functions and reasoning according to education level. K-MMSE, visual memory and executive functions were different depending on the jobs. Age was highly correlated with cognitive function. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the factor significantly associated with reaction time and visual memory was depression. Depression and Trait-Anxiety had significant impacts on executive functions and K-MMSE. Conclusion: CNSVS enabled the accurate and objective measurement of cognitive function. Therefore, this study provides useful data to improve cognitive function of the community-dwelling elderly. The results suggested that there is need for comprehensive interventional programs that manage cognitive impairment.