• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2001

Background : Many analgesics are used to relieve the pain of various causes. Among these, $Myprodol^{(R)}$, a combination analgesic with codeine, ibuprofen and paracetamol, was recently used as a new analgesics. This study was performed to survey the kinds of diseases, side effects and pain relief effect of $Myprodol^{(R)}$ in clincal practice. Methods : This retrograde study surveyed the medical records of 183 patients treated with $Myprodol^{(R)}$ at Pain Clinic, Pusan National University Hospital. From medical records, the disease entities, the pain characteristics, duration of $Myprodol^{(R)}$ medication, the analgesic effect and side effects were evaluated. Results : $Myprodol^{(R)}$ is used in the treatment of cancer pain (64.3%) and non-cancer pain (35.7%). Among side effects of $Myprodol^{(R)}$ medication, nausea with vomiting, constipation and generalized edema were common in cancer pain, but epigatric pain was common in non cancer pain. $Myprodol^{(R)}$ was more effective in non cancer pain than cancer pain. Conclusions: $Myprodol^{(R)}$ was used in cancer and non-cancer pain patients. In cancer pain patients, $Myprodol^{(R)}$ was effective in early cancer pain but, not effective in advanced cancer. $Myprodol^{(R)}$ was also used and effective in non-malignant benign chest pain, lumbago, post-operative pain.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2006

A description of simple, isocratic and precise reversed phase HPLC methods is given for simultaneous quantification of pholcodine and ephedrine hydrochloride together with either carbinoxamine maleate or terfenadine in antitussive-antihistaminic oral pharmaceutical formulations. Separations were carried out on X-Terra and symmetry shield C18 column $(250\;{\times}\;4.6\;mm,\;5\;{\mu}m)$. The used isocratic elution systems were either $0.02\;M\;KH_2PO_4-acetonitrile$ in the ratio of 75 : 25 and pH adjusted to 7.70 with orthophosphoric acid or sodium hydroxide, for syrup (method A), or 0.02 octanesulphonic acid sodium salt solution-acetonitrile-acetic acid in the ratio of 75 : 25 : 0.5 for suspension (method B). The elution of both mixtures was achieved with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detection was carried out by UV absorbance at wavelengths of 220 and 250 nm for syrup and suspension, respectively. The quantification of the components in synthetic mixtures and actual syrup and suspension were calculated using the internal standard technique with metoclopramide HCl and codeine phosphate as internal standards (IS), respectively. The methods, for both mixtures, were validated and met all the requirements for the quality control analysis recommended by FDA and ICH.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.269-282
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• 2000

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids are a diverse group of natural products that include many pharmacologically active compounds produced in a limited number of plant families. Despite their complexity, intensive biochemical research has extended our knowledge of the chemistry and enzymology of many important benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathways, such as those leading to the analgesic drugs morphine and codeine, and the antibiotics sanguinarine and berberine. The use of cultured plant cells as an experimental system has facilitated the identification and characterization of more than 30 benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes, and the molecular cloning of the genes that encode at least 8 of these enzymes. The recent expansion of biochemical and molecular technologies has creat-ed unique opportunities to dissect the mechanisms involved in the regulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. Research has suggested that product accumulation is controlled by the developmental and inducible regulation of several benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic genes, and by the subcellular compartmentation of biosynthetic enzymes and the intracellular localization and trafficking of pathway intermediates. In this paper, we review our current understanding of the biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular regulation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. We also summarize our own research activities, especially those related to the establishment of protocols for the genetic transformation of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid-producing species, and the development of metabolic engineering strategies in these plants.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2022

Objectives : The prevalence of chronic cough in Korea is 2.5 ± 0.2% among people over the age of 40, and the rate of idiopathic chronic cough is high. Hemoptysis is one of the respiratory emergency symptoms, and the cause is unknown in 30% of cases. This case report is to confirm the treatment of korean medicine for Idiopathic chronic cough and hemoptysis. Methods : A 74 year old female patient with idiopathic chronic cough and hemoptysis was treated with korean medicine. The patient was treated from july 21, 2021 to september 24, 2021, using herbal medicine (Chungpyebyeolgab-sangagam) and acupuncture(Sa-Am Acupunture Lung Tonifying, CV22). Idiopathic chronic cough and hemoptysis were assessed by VAS. Results : Idiopathic Chronic cough and hemoptysis improved through Korean medicine treatment. Although taking codeine phosphate and transamin was stopped, the improvement of symptoms was maintained. Conclusions : This study suggests that korean medicine treatment may be an effective therapy for treatment of idiopathic chronic cough and hemoptysis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 2014

Background: World Health Organization considers opioid analgesic use as an important measure in the treatment of pain relief. However, there are limited data about the pattern of opioid analgesic use in tertiary care hospitals in Korea. The aim of this study was to describe the trends in the prescribed amount of the opioid for 13 years from 2000 to 2012 in a single tertiary care hospital. Methods: The data from the prescribed amount of opioid use in patients aged over 18 years were retrieved from medical charts and longitudinal pharmacy records of Seoul National University Hospital. Yearly prescribed amount of opioids were calculated using defined daily dose adjusted by hospital stay (DDD/1000${\bullet}$HS). Results: Over the 13 years of the study period, overall use of opioid has increased by 64.1%. Although, the opioid use by hospitalized patients comprised 98%~99% of total amount of opioid use, the proportions of opioid use by outpatient and by cancer patient increased from 1.1% to 2.2% and from 60.5% to 69.3%, respectively. The use of non-injectable opioids has increased by 47% and that of injectables has increased by 70%. While the amount of codeine and morphine use has decreased, the use of both transdermal and injection formulation of fentanyl has increased dramatically. Also, the use of oxycodone has increased, especially in outpatient setting. Conclusion: This longitudinal study showed that opioid analgesic use in tertiary hospital, especially in outpatient is continuously increasing. Improvement in pain management in tertiary care hospital can be cautiously inferred based on this results.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 1998

Pain is one of the most frequent and disturbing symptom of cancer patients. And almost of cancer patients are afraid of a attacks of pain related to cancer. Caring for the cancer patient can be divided into two phases. The phase of "active treatment" involves various interventions-surgical, chemical or radiological- that are designed to prolong the patient's life. "Terminal care" is the period from the end of active treatment until the patient's death. But in the majority of clinical settings, cancer pain is not being managed adequately results from a lack of education about how to treat the cancer pain management in the safest and most effective way during terminal phase. Althought organic factors represent the most important cause of their pain, it is also important to deal with the patient's psychological reactions and to take account of his or her social and family environment if treatment for chronic cancer pain is to prove adequate. Thus we try to evaluate a kinds of cancer related to pain, degree of pain, effectiveness of drugs, and patient's responses to management. In regard to the satisfaction for pain relief in pain clinics at Pusan National University Hospital(PNUH) are about 70% in patients and 90% in family. Average life expectancy in cancer patients are about 140 days (3 days- 5.7 years). Cancer patients are complained of several discomfortness (above 30 kinds) such as, pain associated with cancer (75%), nausea and vomitting (38%), sleeping disorder (38%), anorexia (38%), dyspnea (32%), constipation (31%), etc. Distributions of cancer associated with pain are stomach cancer (21%), lung cancer (16%), cervix cancer (10%), anorectal and colon cancer (8.6%), hepatoma (8%), pancreatic cancer (3%). About 1/3 of patients are suffer from incident pain in 3~5 times in a day especially in moving, coughing, and exercise. Methods for drug delivering system before death are transdermal fentanyl patch (42%), intravenous PCA (21%), oral intake of opioid (17%), epidural PCA (14%), etc.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 2010

Computational studies were carried out on the opiates morphine, heroin, codeine, pentazocine, and buprenorphine, under the density functional theory. The geometric parameters of the pharmacophore and substituents were evaluated at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory. The electronic structure calculations were performed using the same hybrid functional at the B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) level of theory. The atomic charges were obtained by Mulliken population analysis. Given the reported biological activity, calculated partition coefficients, and electronic and geometric analysis, pentazocine and buprenorphine were chosen as models for proposed analogues. These analogues were then studied and compared with the model molecules. The study reveals that the geometry and electronic structure of the pharmacophore remains consistent in the presence of different substituents. Because the proposed analogues preserve the studied properties of the model molecules, it is likely that these analogues display biological activity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to developing orally administered analgesics and locally injected pharmacopuncture analgesics like opioids. Methods : Literary investigation on the origin of poppy (Papaver somniferum L) and other narcotics was conducted to examine the potential of developing orally administered analgesics and locally injected pharmacopuncture analgesics. Opium is a gum-like mass derived from air-dried white fluid of immature fruit of the poppy. Opium contains approximately 20 types of alkaloids including morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and others. Natural opioids and synthetic alkaloid derivatives are the constituents of opioid analgesics and their effects and side-effects depend on the peculiarities of receptors. An extreme caution is required in the selection of proper dosage, proper analgesic types, and indications for successful pain management. Results and Discussion : With the enactment of "Narcotic control protocol", herbs such as cannibis and poppy are no longer available for use by Korean medicine doctors, and these doctors are faced with difficulty in managing severe pain in the clinical environment. A systematic consideration is inevitable for overcoming the limitation on these analgesics.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 1985

This report offers descriptive data about the drugs utilized in out patient department (OPD) of Yeungnam University Hospital (YUH) in the period of march to august in 1985. The data in this report were produced by the computerized totalization of the number of mentions of individual drugs included in the prescriptions. The 100 drug entries that were most frequently recorded are listed in rank order. The listing is arbiturarily restricted to the drugs that were prescribed as single preparations, the drugs of basis of compound preparations and the drugs of adjuvent or corrective of compound preparations that have significant therapeutic effects either by generic names. And in addition, the listing also involves the compound preparations used in relatively large frequency, and the individual components of which have the unique pharmacological actions each other by proprietary names. And all routes of administrations were allowed. The 10 drugs most frequently named are diazepam, aluminum compounds, acetaminophen, isoniazid, metoclopramide, $polaramine^{(R)}$, carboxymethylcystem, ephedrine, codeine and caroverine in order. The 521,855 drug mentions listed as above are described by the chief therapeutic usage that each is intended to apply generally. The drugs which account the largest proportion of total mentions were those acting on the central nervous system (20.57%), including tranquilhzers and sedative hypnotics (11.71%), analgesic antipyretics (5.55%), antidepressants (2.15%) etc. Gastrointestinal drugs and smooth muscle preparations (18.64%) included antacids and anti-ulcer drugs (9.24%), antiemetics (3.57%), spasmolytics (3.14%) and others. Respiratory drugs (16.11%) included expectorants and cough preparations (10.99%) and bronchodilators (5.12%). Chemotherapeutic agents (15.12%) included the antiTbc drugs (7.09%) most frequently, and the penicillins (3.33%) accounted the largest proportion among the antibiotics. Cardiovascular drugs (5.64%) included cardiac drugs and coronary vasodilator (4.12%) and antihypertensives and vasodilators (1.06%). And anti-inflammatory drugs (4.33%), vitamins of single preparations (3.76%), hormones and their antagonists (3.29%), common cold preparations (3.12%), diuretics (2.81%), drugs supporting liver function (2.02%), drugs affecting autonomic nervous system(1.89%) including anti-glaucomas, atropine and cerebral vasodilators, antihistamine drugs (1.02%) and disinfectants (0.74%) were following in order. The data in this report were compared to those reported by H. Koch, et al. in United States (US), 1981 as "Drugs Most Frequently Used in Office Practice:National Ambulatory Medical Case Survey, 1981." Cardiovascular drugs prescribed in YUH were much less in proportion than in US (10.56%), but gastrointestinal drugs accounted the larger proportion than in US (3.72%). Expectorants and cough preparations in YUH also accounted the larger proportion than in US (2.74%). In conclusion, in the period of march to august, 1985, OPD of YUH prescribed the CNS drugs including diazepam most frequently, and gastrointestinal, repiratory and chemotherapeutic drugs in next orders. It is supposed that the eating habits of Koreans and a unique atmospheric condition in Taegu as a basin were some important factors that affected the proportions of drugs acting on gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.41-59
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• 1967

This study was aimed; firstly to observe various clinical symptomatology with reiation to the number of Ancylostoma duodenale larvae orally given to the human beings, secondly to evaluate the effects of some drugs like steroid hormones, antihistaminic3 and antitussives, and, thirdly to study the influences of some iron compounds in prevention and treatment of anemia of such origin. Ten healthy volunteers free from the previous history of hookworm infection were divided into 4 groups, to whom various numbers of actively moving filariform Ancylostoma duodenale larvae were orally given; 500 to 4 cases, 250 to 3 cases and 100 to 3 cases. Following were the results: 1. Clinical symptomatology 1. The most frequently encountered symptoms and signs were general malaise, cough and hoar seness. The tracheal itching and pain low back pain, arthralgia, sputum and salivation, acid belching, loss of appetite, abdominal pain and vomiting were also noted. 2. If the larger number of the larvae was given, the clinical symtomatology was more severe. 3. Prednisolone medication caused some improvement of such symptomatology, while the antihistaminics and antitussives like codeine or ephedrine were ineffective. 4. In volunteers whose nutritional conditions were rather poor appeared to show more severe symptomatology. 2. Effects of iron compounds 1. The oral administration of ferrous fumarate induced a slight increase of serum iron levels in the initial stage of the infection, then a decrease from $15{\sim}20$ days later and a recovery after 2 months. 2. The intravenous administration of saccharated ferric oxide induced a steady upkeep of the serum iron levels. 3. The hemoglobin contents also showed the upkeeps after either the oral or intravenous administration of the iron compounds. 4. The iron compounds, therefore, are considered to have the preventive as well as the therapeutic effects on hookworm anemia, which may strongly suggest that hookworm anemia is essentially the iron deficiency type. 3. Hematological changes 1. The severity of hookworm anemia generally correlated with the number of larvae given. 2. The moderate leucocytosis was observed in all cases regardless of the number of larvae given, which reached to a peak in $25{\sim}35$ days. 3. Eosinophilia was observed in all cases, but was more severe in cases given larger number of larvae, which was slightly less evident after the medication of prednisolone. 4. Red cell survival time The red cell survival time determined by $^{51}Cr$ was generally in the normal ranges except for the severe anemia patients.