• Title/Summary/Keyword: cobalt (II)

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Compositional Variation of Arsenopyrites in Arsenic and Polymetallic Ores from the Ulsan Mine, Republic of Korea, and their Application to a Geothermometer (울산광산산(蔚山鑛山産) 유비철석(硫砒鐵石)의 조성변화(組成變化) 및 지질온도계(地質溫度計)에 대(對)한 적용(適用))

  • Choi, Seon-Gyu;Chung, Jae-Ill;Imai, Naoya
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.199-218
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    • 1986
  • Arsenopyrite in arsenic and polymetallic ores from calcic Fe-W skarn deposit of the Ulsan mine, Republic of Korea, has been investigated by means of electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffractometry. As a result, it is revealed that the Ulsan arsenopyrite may be classified into the following three species with different generation on the basis of its mode of occurrence, chronological order during polymetallic mineralization and chemical composition; arsenopyrites I, II and III. 1) Arsenopyrite I-(Ni, Co)-bearing species belonging to the oldest generation, which has crystallized together with (Ni, Co)-arsenides and -sulpharsenides in the early stage of polymetallic mineralization. In rare cases, it contains a negligible amount of antimony. It occurs usually as discrete grains with irregular outline, showing rarely subhedral form, and is diffused in skarn zone. The maximum contents of nickel and cobalt are 10.04 Ni and 2.45 Co (in weight percent). Occasionally, it shows compositional zoning with narrow rim of lower (Ni+Co) content. 2) Arsenopyrite II-arsenian species, in which (Ni+Co) content is almost negligible, may occur widely in arsenic ores, and its crystallization has followed that of arsenopyrite I. It usually shows subhedral to euhedral form and is closely associated with $l{\ddot{o}}llingite$, bismuth, bismuthinite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bismuthian tennantite, etc. It is worthy of note that arsenopyrite II occasionally contains particles consisting of both bismuth and bismuthinite. 3) Arsenopyrite III-(Ni, Co)-free, S-excess and As-deficient species is close to the stoichiometric composition, FeAsS. It occurs in late hydrothermal veins, which cut clearly the Fe-W ore pipe and the surrounding skarn zone. It shows euhedral to subhedral form, being extremely coarse-grained, and is closely associated with pyrite, "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, etc. Among three species of the Ulsan arsenopyrite, arsenopyrite I does not serve as a geothermometer, because (Ni+Co) content always exceeds 1 weight percent. In spite of the absence of Fe-S minerals as sulphur-buffer assemblage, the presence of $Bi(l)-Bi_2S_3$ sulphur-buffer enables arsenopyrite II to apply successfully to the estimation of either temperature and sulphur fugacity, the results are, $T=460{\sim}470^{\circ}C$, and log $f(S_2)=-7.4{\sim}7.0$. With reference to arsenopyrite III, only arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite and "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite may serve to restrict the range of both temperature and sulphur fugacity, $T=320{\sim}440^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-9.0{\sim}7.0$. These temperature data are consistent with those obtained by fluid inclusion geothermometry on late grandite garnet somewhat earlier than arsenopyrite II. At the beginning of this paper, the geological environments of the ore formation at Ulsan are considered from regional and local geologic settings, and physicochemical conditions are suspected, in particular the formation pressure (lithostatic pressure) is assumed to be 0.5kb (50MPa). The present study on arsenopyrite geothermometry, however, does not bring about any contradictions against the above premises. Thus, the following genetical view on the Ulsan ore deposit previously advocated by two of the present authors (Choi and Imai) becomes more evident; the ore deposit was formed at shallow depth and relatively high-temperature with steep geothermal gradient-xenothermal conditions.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response and Apoptosis via the CoCl2-Induced Hypoxia in Neuronal Cells (CoCl2 처리로 유도된 hypoxia상태에서 세포자살과 ER stress에 관련된 인자의 발현)

  • Kim, Seon-Hwan;Kwon, Hyon-Jo;Koh, Hyeon-Song;Song, Shi-Hun;Kwon, Ki-Sang;Kwon, O-Yu;Choi, Seung-Won
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.20 no.12
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    • pp.1820-1828
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    • 2010
  • Cobalt(II) chloride, a chemical compound with the formula$CoCl_2$, has been widely used in the treatment of anemia, as a chemical agent for the induction of hypoxia in cell cultures, and is known to activate hypoxic signaling. However, excessive exposure to cobalt is associated with several clinical conditions, including asthma, pneumonia, and hematological abnormalities, and can lead to tissue and cellular toxicity. It is also known to induce apoptosis. One of the questions was that of whether $CoCl_2$ might induce apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in neurons. To address this question, first, the level of DNA fragmentation was measured for assay of apoptotic rates using $CoCl_2$ with neuron PC12 cells. After confirmation of apoptosis inductions, under the same conditions, the expression levels of ER stress associated factors [ER chaperones Bip, calnexin, ERp72, ERp29, PDI, and ER membrane kinases (IRE1, ATF6, PERK)] were examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. These results indicated that apoptosis is induced through activation of ER membrane kinases via ER stress. In conclusion, during induction of apoptosis through $CoCl_2$-induced hypoxia in neuron PC12 cells, ER membrane kinase of IRE1 was dominantly up-expressed, and, consecutively, TRAF2, which has been suggested to be one of the links connecting apoptosis and ER stress, was strongly up-expressed.

Simultaneous Flotation and Determination of Trace Cobalt, Copper and Total Chromium in Sea water by $La(OH)_3$ Coprecipitation ($La(OH)_3$ 공침에 의한 해수중 흔적량 코발트, 구리, 및 전체 크롬의 동시 부선 및 정량)

  • Jo, Man Sik;Im, Heung Bin;Kim, Yeong Sang
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.38 no.9
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    • pp.667-675
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    • 1994
  • The precipitate flotation using $La(OH)_3$ as a coprecipitant was studied for the simultaneous determination of trace three elements in a sea water. Several experimental conditions such as pH, coprecipitant and surfactant were investigated with an artificial sea water. To remove the influence of Cr(VI) the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) using $NaBH_4$ prior to the flotation. Trace amounts of Cu(II), Co(II) and total Cr in 1.0 l sea water was coprecipitated together with the precipitation of $La(OH)_3$ in the solution of pH 9.8 adjusted with 3.OM NaOH solution. The precipitate was floated by using a mixed surfactant (1 to 8 of each 0.5% ethanolic sodium oleate and sodium dodecylsulfate solution) by bubbling a nitrogen gas. The floats was separated and filtrated from the mother liquor by suction. The precipitate was dissolved in 7.0 M $HNO_3$ solution and then marked to 25.0 ml with a deionized water. These elements were determined by graphite fumace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. This method was applied to determine the elements in the sea water of the Eastern and Western coasts. And the recoveries were over 90.0% in the samples into which given amounts of the analyte elements were spiked.

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Studies on Solvent Extraction and Analytical Application of Metal-dithizone Complexes(I). Separation and Determination of Trace Heavy Metals in Urine (Dithizone 금속착물의 용매추출 및 분석적 응용(제1보). 뇨중 흔적량 중금속 원소의 분리 정량)

  • Jeon, Moon-Kyo;Choi, Jong-Moon;Kim, Young-Sang
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.336-344
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    • 1996
  • The extraction of trace cobalt, copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and zinc in urine samples of organic and alkali metal matrix into chloroform by the complex with a dithizone was studied for graphite furnace AAS determination. Various experimental conditions such as the pretreatment of urine, the pH of sample solution, and dithizone concentration in a solvent were optimized for the effective extraction, and some essential conditions were also studied for the back-extraction and digestion as well. All organic materials in 100 mL urine were destructed by the digestion with conc. $HNO_3$ 30 mL and 30% $H_2O_2$ 50 mL. Here, $H_2O_2$ was added dropwise with each 5.0 mL, serially. Analytes were extracted into 15.0 mL chloroform of 0.1% dithizone from the digested urine at pH 8.0 by shaking for 90 minutes. The pH was adjusted with a commercial buffer solution. Among analytes, cadmium, lead and zinc were back-extracted to 10.00 mL of 0.2 M $HNO_3$ from the solvent for the determination, and after the organic solvent was evaporated, others were dissolved with $HNO_3-H_2O_2$ and diluted to 10.00 mL with a deionized water. Synthetic digested urines were used to obtain optimum conditions and to plot calibration-eurves. Average recoveries of 77 to 109% for each element were obtained in sample solutions in which given amounts of analytes were added, and detection limits were Cd 0.09, Pb 0.59, Zn 0.18, Co 0.24, Cu 1.3 and Ni 1.7 ng/mL, respectively. It was concluded that this method could be applied for the determination of heavy elements in urine samples without any interferences of organic materials and major alkaline elements.

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Electrode Kinetics for Mixed Ligand Complexes of Cobalt (III) with Bis (ethylenediamine) and Monodendate Ligands (한자리 배위자와 에틸렌디아민의 코발트 (III) 착물에 대한 전극반응 속도론)

  • Jung-Ui Hwang;Jong-Jae Chung;Jae-Duck Lee
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.225-231
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    • 1989
  • The heterogeneous rate constants for the electrochemical reduction by $trans-[Co(en)_2X_2](ClO_4)_n$(where X is cyanide, nitrite, ammonia, and isothiocyanate) at mercury and glassy carbon electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, DC polarography, and by using rotating disk electrode. The good linear relationship was obtained between the activation energy of reduction and absorption wave number of complexes on glassy carbon electrode. At mercury electrode, $NO_2^-$ ligated complex showed the large deviation from the linear relationship. The difference in the value of rate constants for $NO_2^-$ ligated complex between mercury and glassy carbon electrode was about three order of magnitude which was much larger than the other complexes. It was suggested that $NO_^-$ ligated complex was reduced by inner-sphere mechanism on mercury electrode from the larger value of activation energy and entropy on mercury than carbon electrode.

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Clinical Audit in Radiation Oncology: Results from One Academic Centre in Delhi, India

  • Kaur, Jaspreet;Mohanti, Bidhu Kalyan;Muzumder, Sandeep
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.2829-2834
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    • 2013
  • The objective was to analyze the radiotherapy (RT) practice at the cancer centre of a tertiary academic medical institution in Delhi. This audit from an Indian public institution covered patient care processes related to cancer diagnosis, integration of RT with other anti-cancer modalities, waiting time, overall treatment time, and compliance with RT. Over a period of one year, all consecutively registered patients in radiotherapy were analyzed for the audit cycle. Analysis of 1,030 patients showed median age of 49.6 years, with presentation as stage I and II in 14.2%, stage III and IV in 71.2% and unknown stage in 14.6%. A total of 974 (95%) were advised for RT appointment; 669 (68.6%) for curative intent and 31.4% for palliation. Mean times for diagnostic workup and from registration at cancer centre to radiotherapy referral were 33 and 31 days respectively. Median waiting time to start of RT course was 41 days. Overall RT compliance was 75% and overall duration for a curative RT course ranged from 50 days to 61 days. Non-completion and interruption of RT course were observed in 12% and 13% respectively. Radiotherapy machine burden in a public cancer hospital in India increases the waiting time and 25% of advised patients do not comply with the prescribed treatment. Infrastructure, machine and manpower constraints lead to more patients being treated on cobalt (74%) and by two-dimensional (78%) techniques.

Stress Analysis of Total Knee System Depending on Implant Materials and Fixation Methods (인공무릎관절에 있어서 임플란트의 재료 및 고정방법에 따른 응력분석)

  • Cho, C.H.;Cho, Y.K.;Choi, J.B.;Choi, K.
    • Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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    • v.1997 no.11
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    • pp.484-488
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    • 1997
  • Three-dimensional finite element analyses were used to compare the stress distribution and the stability of the fixation among seven different tibial components and to investigate the effect due to implant materials in total knee arthroplasty. The components included an intact tibia(Type I), Cemented Cobalt-Chromium tibial tray implanted with a PMMA cemented Co-Cr stem(Type II), Cemented Co-Cr tibial tray with a uncemented Co-Cr stem(Type III), Cemented Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial tray with a cemented UHMWPE stem (Type IV), Cemented UHMWPE tray with a uncemented UHMWPE stem(Type V), Cemented Co-Cr tray without a stem(Type VI), and Cemented UHMWPE tray without a stem(Type VII). Uncemented components were assumed to have complete bony in growth and a rigid state of fixation between component and bone. The interface between bone/cement/component of cemented components was also assumed to be fully bonded. Bi-condylar forces were applied. The results indicated that Uncemented stem components provided lower bone stress shielding and stress concentration. The UHMWPE tray and stem component showed better agreement with the intact tibia than the Co-Cr Alloy tray and stem components. If the implant tray can be fixed firmed without a stem, Cemented PE tray without a stem(Type VII) may be recommended to give the best characteristics in the sense of stress distribution and stability.

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Studies on the biochemical characteristics and plasmid profiles of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from pigeons and aquatic birds (비둘기 및 수생조류(水生鳥類) 유래(由來) Salmonella typhimurium의 생물화학적(生物化學的) 특성(特性)과 plasmid profile에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Park, No-chan;Choi, Won-pil
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.203-214
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    • 1990
  • A total of 166 strains of Salmonella (S) typhimurium var copenhagen isolated from pigeons (164 strains) and aquatic birds (2 strains) were examined for the biochemical characteristics and plasmid profiles. All the strains were sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin and sulfadimethoxine. But 13 strains(7.8%) were resistant to streptomycin (Sm), 2 (1.2%) to tetracycline, 2 (1.2%) to rifampicin, and 1 (0.6%) to nalidixic acid. Among drug resistant strains, only one strain resistant to Sm contained conjugative R plasmid which was fertility inhibition and incompatibility group $I_{\alpha}$. All the strains were sensitive to cobalt chloride, cupric sulfate, lead nitrate, mercuric chloride and silver nitrate. Of 166 isolates, 6 (3.6%) were resistant to sodium arsenate and 1 (0.6%) to potassium tellurite. Among 166 isolates, 1 (0.6%) was colicinogenic, 12 (7.2%) sucrose fermenters, and 166 (100%) maltose fermenters. Plasmid profiles were confirmed as being 4 or 5 plasmids, and their molecular weight ranged 3.2 to 60 megadalton (MD). All the strains harbored 60 Md plasmid. There are three patterns by the plasmid profile, 150 isolates (90.4%) were pattern I (3.2, 3.5, 33, 60Md), 14 (8.4%) pattern II (3.2, 3.5, 29, 60Md), and 2 (1.2%) pattern III (4.2, 7.8, 8.5, 15, 60Md). S typhimurium var copenhagen strains containing 60Md plasmid were resistant to killing by 90% normal guinea pig serum.

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Iodine Sorption Complexes of Partially Cobalt(II) Exchanged Zeolite A. Two Crystal Structures of $Co_{3.5}Na_5Si_{12}Al_{12}O_{48}\cdot2.5I_2\;and\;Co_{3.5}Na_5Si_{12}Al_{12}O_{48}\cdot5.0I_2$

  • Kim, Yang;Lee, Suk-Hee;Seff, Karl
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.10 no.5
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    • pp.426-430
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    • 1989
  • Two crystal structures of iodine sorption complexes of dehydrated partially Co(Ⅱ )-exchanged zeolite A, $Co_{3.5}Na_5-A{\cdot}xI_2$, x = 2.5 and 5.0, have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Both structures were solved and refined in cubic space group, Pm3m at $21(1)^{\circ}C$. The structures of $Co_{3.5}Na_5-A{\cdot}2.5I_2$(a = 12.173(1) ${\AA}$) and $Co_{3.5}Na_5-A{\cdot}5.0I_2$(a = 12.130(1) ${\AA}$) were refined to the final error indices, $R_1$ = 0.081 and $R_2$ = 0.077 with 261 reflections and $R_1$ = 0.103 and $R_2$ = 0.112 with 225 reflections, respectively, for which I>3${\sigma}$(I). In both structures, 3.5 $Co^{2+}$ ions and 4.5 $Na^+$ ions per unit cell lie at two crystallographically different 6-ring positions. 0.5 $Na^+$ ion lines in an 8-oxygen ring plane. Dehydrated $Co_{3.5}Na_5$-A sorbs 2.5 iodine molecules per unit cell at $70^{\circ}C$ (vapor pressure of $I_2$ is ca. 8.3 torr) within 30 minutes and 5 iodine molecules per unit cell at $80^{\circ}C$ (vapor pressure of $I_2$ is ca. 14.3 torr) within 24 hours. Each iodine molecule makes a close approach, along its axis to framework oxygen atom with I-I-O = $175^{\circ}$.

Effects of primers on the microtensile bond strength of resin cements to cobalt-chromium alloy (레진 시멘트와 코발트 크롬 합금의 미세인장결합강도에 다양한 프라이머들이 미치는 영향)

  • Jung, Hong-Taek;Campana, Shiela A.;Park, Jin-Hong;Shin, Joo-Hee;Lee, Jeong-Yol
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.57 no.2
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    • pp.95-101
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    • 2019
  • Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of various primers on the microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$) of resin cements to cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) dental casting alloy. Materials and methods: Four adhesive primers (Universal primer, Metal primer II, Alloy primer, and Metal/Zirconia primer) and two resin cements (Panavia F2.0, G-CEM LinkAce) were tested. One hundred fifty Co-Cr beams were prepared from Co-Cr ingots via casting ($6mm\;ength{\times}1mm\;width{\times}1mm\;thick$). The metal beams were randomly divided into ten groups according to the adhesive primers and resin cements used; the no-primer groups served as the control (n = 15). After sandblasting with aluminum oxide ($125{\mu}m$ grain), the metal and resin cements were bonded together using a silicone mold. Prior to testing, all metal-resin beams were examined under stereomicroscope, and subjected to the ${\mu}TBS$ test. The mean value of each group was analyzed via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test as post hoc (${\alpha}=.05$) using SPSS software. Results: The mean ${\mu}TBS$ of all groups was ranged from 20 to 28 MPa. There is no statistically significant difference between groups (P > .05). Mixed failure, which is the combination of adhesive and cohesive failures, is the most prevalent failure mode in both the Panavia F2.0 and G-Cem LinkAce groups. Conclusion: The ${\mu}TBS$ of all tested groups are relatively high; however, the primers used in this study result in no favorable effect in the ${\mu}TBS$ of Panavia F2.0 and G-Cem LinkAce resin cement to Co-Cr alloy.