• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 1983

The aboveground production, nutrient distribution and nutrient cyclings were compared between two Phragmites communis communities growing in the different salt contents of soil in a coastal salt marsh. Inorganic nutrient contents of soil for plant growth were greater at the low salt stand than at the high salt stand except for sodium(Na). Maximum aboveground biomass of the plant at the low and the high salt stands were 2,533 and 1,719 g dw/$m^2$, respectively, in August. Seasonal changes of nutrient content of biomass in dry weight decreased with growth except for Na. Nutrient contents in biomass per unit land area increased continuously as biomass increases, although the amount of potassium(K) reached the maximum content in July and thereafter decreased. Vertical distributions of total nitrogen(T-N) and phosphorus(P) increased with plant height, but Na showed the reverse trend. That of K was similar to the patterns for T-N and P in the leaves, and to the pattern of Na in the stems. The Na was greatly accumulated in underground biomass but transported scarcely to aboveground. At the low and the high salt stands, the ratios of the inorganic nutrients contained in the plant were 100 : 66 for T-N, 100 : 61 for P, 100 : 62 for K and 100 : 97 for Na. the ratios of the amounts of nutrients retrieved to soil were 100 : 242 for T-N, 100 : 408 for P, 100 : 127 for K and 100 : 269 for Na, respectively. Turnover times of the T-N, P, K and Na in the communities were 56, 1, 15 and 174 years at the low salt stand, and 75, 2, 24 and 323 years at the high salt stand, respectively. In nutrient cyclings, all of the nutrients retrieving to soil were less than uptake by plant. Among the nutrient, especially P is expected to be exhausted from soil, sooner or later, because of the harvest by men.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1B
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• pp.161-168
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• 2008

The ecological environmental zones in coastal area, like tidal flat and salt marsh, were gradually decreased due to large scale of coastal development projects, reclamation and so on. Therefore, the development of artificial tidal flat and salt marsh has been emphasized in coastal area as mitigation concept and studies on related this background has performed. But studies on the quantitative evaluation for degree of restoration were insufficient. In this paper, as a fundamental study for evaluation of restoration on the creation of ecological environmental zones in coastal area, it was conducted that the monitoring and experiment for bio-chemical factors (bio-diversity, population and biomass of macro-benthos, survival ratio of reed, the number of heterotrophic bacteria and physico-chemical characteristics such as COD, IL, TN, TP and pH) using a in-situ pilot plant of tidal flat (Zone. P1) and salt marsh (Zone. P2), which was distinguished by content of dredged soil, in Jinudo, Nakdong estuary. From results of this study, the restoration index (RI), for evaluation concerning degree of restoration on the creation of ecological environmental zones in coastal area, was suggested and quantitative evaluation was performed using a restoration index (RI).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 1985

Aboveground net productions of four stands in the coastal salt marsh of Incheon were estimated with three different methods: first method was to measure peak live standing crop; second to measure both live and dead standing crops; thrid to measure live and dead standing crops and dead disappearance as well. Net productions estimated by the first method were lowest with a difference of 28~50% from those by the third method. Whereas estimates by the second method approximated considerably to those by the third method with a difference of 4~15%. The third method figured out the highest values and seemed to be most appropriate in estimating net production of herbaceous community. Form these results it is known that live standing crop, dead standing crop and dead disappearance respectively accounted for about 60, 30, 10% of net production estimated by the third method. Annual net productions estimated by the third method for Suaeda japonica-Salicornia herbacea, Artemisia scoparia-Limonium tetragonum, Calamagrostis epigeios, and Sonchus brachyotus-Setaria viridis stand were 650, 1, 080, 1, 409 and 1, 126 g.$m^{-2}.yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2019

Background: Organic carbon stored in coastal wetlands, which comprises the major part of oceanic "blue carbon," is a subject of growing interest and concern. In this study, organic carbon storage in coastal wetlands and its economic value were estimated using the raw data of 25 studies related to soil carbon storage. Data were collected from three tidal flats (one protected and two developed areas) and two estuarine salt marshes (one protected and one restored area). Bulk density, soil organic matter content, and standing biomass of vegetation were all considered, with Monte Carlo simulation applied to estimate the uncertainty. Results: Mean carbon storage in two salt marshes ranged between 14.6 and $25.5kg\;C\;m^{-2}$. Mean carbon storage in tidal flats ranged from 18.2 to $28.6kg\;C\;m^{-2}$, with variability possibly related to soil texture. The economic value of stored carbon was estimated by comparison with the price of carbon in the emission trading market. The value of US $ $6600\;ha^{-1}$ is ~ 45% of previously estimated ecosystem services from fishery production and water purification functions in coastal areas. Conclusions: Although our study sites do not cover all types of large marine ecosystem, this study highlights the substantial contribution of coastal wetlands as carbon sinks and the importance of conserving these habitats to maximize their ecosystem services.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.20-23
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• 2016

Background: The structures and soil factors of Suaeda glauca-Suaeda japonica zonal communities and Phragmites australis-S. japonica zonal communities were studied in salt marshes of west and south coasts of South Korea to provide basic data for coastal wetland conservation and restoration. Results: S. glauca community mean length was 67 m and S. japonica community mean length was 567 m in zonal communities, and P. australis and S. japonica community mean length were 57 m and 191 m in zonal communities. Regarding the electrical conductivity, sodium content, and clay contents in Upnae-ri, Shinan-gun, there were significant differences among zonal communities at significance level of 0.05 for two-sided t test. However, other factors were not significantly different. Conclusions: The results indicate that multiple factors such as electronic conductivity, total nitrogen level, clay, and sodium might play important roles in the formation of zonal plant communities of salt marshes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.265-270
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• 1999

A syntaxonomical study about the vegetation of ruined salt field in Chonnam province was carried out and its soil properties were also determined. This study was accomplished by the methods of Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg. This study was designed to clarify the syntaxonomical and synecological characteristics of the vegetation of ruined salt field in Chonnam province. The annual herbaceous halophyte communities of ruined salt field in Chonnam province were consisted of 5 communities: Salicornia herbacea community, Sueada japonica community, Sueada maritima community, Atriplex gmelini community, Spergularia marina community. And the perennial herbaceous halophyte communities of ruined salt field in Chonnam province were consisted of 3 communities: Aster tripolium community, Carex scabrifolia community, Phragmites communis community. The subsidiary knowledges of this study will make it possible to accumulate information on the distribution pattern of coastal salt marsh vegetation, and also will provide practical information for conservation of coastal ecosystems.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1989

We studied primary production, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a salt marsh of Okryutung at Nakdong River estuary. The standing biomass in Phragmites longivalvis, Carex scabrifolia and Zoysia sinica stand was $5.48kg/\textrm{m}^2,{\;}1.94kg/\textrm{m}^2{\;}and{\;}1.95kg/\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. The peak above-ground biomass in each stand was $1.99kg/\textrm{m}^2,{\;}0.74kg/\textrm{m}^2{\;}and{\;}1.03kg/\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. Soil nitrogen decreased from the onset of growing seson till July, and then increased. Seasonal patterns of soil phosphorus were different from stand to stand. Nitrogen concentrations of above-ground plant tissus were quite different among the plant species at the very beginning of the growing season, however, they became similar as the plants grow. Seasonal pattern of phosphrous in C. scabrifolia roots was quite different from those other two species. Nitrogen absorbed by plants during season in P. longivalvis, C. scabrifolia and Z. sinicia stand was 224kg/ha, 111kg/ha, 156kg/ha, respectively. Phosphorus taken up by plants was 22kg/ha, 29kg/ha and 21kg/ha, respectively. Because the vascular plants growing at salt marshes can immobilize large quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus, salt marsh vegetation can be sued for preventing the pollution of coastal sea water.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Salt marsh is an important transitional zone among terrestrial, riverine, and marine ecosystems and is a productive habitat that interacts extensively with adjacent landscape elements of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Nowadays, in addition to various human activities, a variety of natural processes induce changes in salt marshes. This study aims to provide background information to restore disturbed salt marshes and to propose their ecological restoration using seed banks. The study area is a prepared area for the Gwangyang Container Port located in the southern Korea. This area was formed by accumulating mud soils dredged from the bottom of the forward sea. This land was created in a serial process of preparing the Gwangyang container port and the salt marsh was passively restored by seeds buried in mud soil dredged from seabed. As a result of stand ordination based on vegetation data collected from the land, stands were arranged according to tolerance to salinity in the order of $Suaeda$ $maritima$, $Salicornia$ $europaea$, and $Phragmites$ $communis$ communities on the Axis 1. Landscape structure of the projected area was analyzed as well. Edges of the projected area were divided from the marginal waterway by the dike. Four types of vegetation appeared on the dike: $Alnus$ $firma$ plantation, $Robinia$ $pseudoacacia$ plantation, $Lespedeza$ $cyrtobotrya$ plantation, and grassland. In the more internal areas, two types of vegetation sequences appeared: $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $glauca$ community-$Salicornia$ $europaea$ community sequence and $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $maritima$ community-$S.$ $europaea$ community sequence. Mixed community showed the highest species diversity (H' = 0.86) and $S.$ $europaea$ community showed the lowest (H' = 0.0). Evenness is the highest in Mixed community (J' = 2.26) and the lowest in $S.$ $maritime-S.$ $europaea$ community (J' = 0.0). Several plant communities were successfully established on the land created by mud soil dredged from the bottom of Gwangyang Bay. Moreover, community diversity in this area approached a similar level with those from other studies involving natural salt marshes. Therefore, restoration effect based on community diversity obtained in our study can be evaluated as a successful achievement. In this respect, although most salt marshes in Korea and other places worldwide have been destroyed or disturbed by excessive land use, feasibility of seed bank as a restoration tool is greatly expected.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.175-192
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• 1988

The coastal vegetation of the southwestern coast of Korea was surveyed by the Braun-Blnquet's phytosociological sKDICe and its soil properties were also determined. Comparing with the coastal vegetation of Korea, Japan and Europe, the vegetation of this area could be classified into as follows; A. Thero-Salicornietea R. Tx. 1954(Salicor-nietum herbaceae assoc. nov.). B. Thero-Suaedetea Rivas Martwez 1979 (Suaedetum japonicae Miyawaki et Ohba 1966, Suaeda maritima commuity, Atriplici-Suaedetum maritimi Miyawaki et Ohba 1965, Suaeda asparagoided community) C. Asteretea tripolium Westhoff et Beeftink 1962 (Zoysietum sinice Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973, Limonietum tetragoni Miyawaki et Ohba 1969, Artemisietum scopariae assoc. nov., Aster tripolium community, Atriplex, gmelini community) D. Phragmitetea Tx. et Prsg. 1942 (Triglochietum maritimae assoc. nov., Carcetum scabrifoliae Miyawaki et Ohba 1969, phragmites communis community, Pyaceluretum latifolii Miyawaki et Okuda 1972, Scirpus fluviatilis community) E. Salsoletea komarovil Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973(Salsola komarovi community) F. Glehnietea littoralis ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973(Caricetum pumilae assoc. nov., Meserschmidia sibirica community, Lysimachia mauri-tiana community Ishaemum anthephoroides community, Elymus mollis commuity, carex kobomugi community, Ixeris repens community) G. Viticetea rotundifoliae Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973 (Imperato cylindricae-Viticetum rotundifoliae ohba, Miyawaki ex Tx. 1973) and Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten community. Among the soil properties, water potential seems to be one fo the most important factor on the distribution of the coastal plant community and it might be highly affected by water content in sand and salinity in low marsh.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.26-37
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• 2015

Halophyte distribution pattern and area in the Suncheon-bay and Beolgyo estuary coastal wetlands were analyzed using KOMPSAT-2 landsat images were taken in 2008 and 2009, and field investigations were fulfilled for confirming the precise boundaries of individual halophyte areas. The salt-marsh vegetation in those areas can be classified mainly into two dominant communities: Suaeda japonica-dominant and Phragmites communis-dominant communities. In order to identify sedimentary characteristics, tidal-flat surface leveling and sedimentary facies analysis had been conducted. The sedimentary facies of marsh area are mostly silty clayey and clay facies with a little seasonal change and its slope is very gentle (0.0007~0.002 in gradient). Phragmites communis and Suaeda japonica communities were distributed in the mud-flat zone between 0.7 m and 1.8 m higher than MSL (mean sea level): zone of 1.1~1.8 m in the former and zone of 0.7~1.3 m in the latter. In the Suncheon-bay estuarine wetland, on the basis of 2009 distribution, Phragmites communis-dominant and Suaeda japonica-dominant communities are about $0.79km^2$ and $0.22km^2$ in distribution area, respectively. On the other hand, Bulgyo estuarine marsh shows that the distribution areas of Phragmites communis-dominant and Suaeda japonica-dominant communities are about $0.31km^2$ and 0.031km2 in distribution area, respectively. Individual 105 and 60 dominant community areas and their distribution patterns can be well defined and indicated in the Suncheon-bay and Bulgyo estuarine marshes, respectively. The distribution pattern and area of hylophyte communities analyzed in this study based on 2008/2009 satellite images would be valuable as a base of future monitoring of salt-marsh related studies in the study area which is the most important salt-marsh research site in Korea.