• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.137-156
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• 2005

Objectives : Cnidium officinale(CO) has been used for medication for stroke in the Oriental Medicine. So this study was planned to investigate the effects of CO on the focal ischemia-induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion(MCAO) in rats Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by MCAO. CO extracts through oral administration and herbal acupuncture at GB2l was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task. For the neuroprotective effect of CO, we investigated AchE, ChAT, and NGF-expression by immnohistochemical method. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in normal group compared to control group on 1-6days, OA-CO1(CO oral administration, 0.8g/kg) group on 1-6days, OA-CO2(CO oral administration, 1.6g/kg) group on 1-3,5,6days, HA-CO1(CO herbal acupuncture, 0.016g/kg) group on 2,3,6days, HA-CO2(CO herbal acupuncture, 0.008g/kg) group on 1-3,5,6days. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was the most increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in OA-CO1, HA-CO2. The density of NGE in the hippocampal CAI was significantly increased in OA-CO1, OA-CO2, HA-CO2. Conclusions : These results suggest that CO oral administration with 0.8g/kg and CO herbal acupuncture with 0.008g/kg might be used as a regulator of cell death of cholinergic system induced by stroke.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.239-246
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• 1999

The analgesic effect of ginsenosides or morphine was determined following intrathecal (i.t.) administration in rat tail-flick test. The effects of intrathecal co-administration of ginsenosides with morphine on the development of opioid tolerance and dependence were also examined using rat tail-flick test and naloxone-pre-cipitated withdrawal, respectively. Administration of ginsenosides (i.t.) produced a weak antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of morphine (i.t.) also produced antinociception in a dose-dependent manner. The $ED_50$ was $1.20\;{\mu}g\;(1.14\~1.29\;{\mu}g)$. However, the acute co-administration of $200{\mu}g$ ginsenosides with 0.1-1.0${\mu}g$ morphine did not show additive effect on morphine induced analgesia in rat tail-flick test. I.t. co-administration of 200 ${\mu}g$ ginsenosides with 10 ${\mu}g$ morphine for 7 days inhibited development of tolerance induced by 10 ${\mu}g$ morphine in rat tail-flick test, although i.t. co-administration of 50 or 100 ${\mu}g$ ginsenosides with morphine was without effect. I.t. co-administration of 200 ${\mu}g$ ginsenosides for 7 days also partially attenuated the development of morphine dependence as assessed by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In conclusion, these results suggest that i.t. administered ginsenosides produce a weak antinociception in rat tail-flick test and also prevent opioid tolerance and attenuate opioid dependence in chronic treatment with morphine at the spinal sites.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.386-391
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• 1999

Oriental melon was stored in controlled atmospheres(5, 10 or 15% CO$_2$in combination with 3 or 10% O$_2$) and air as control, and was analyzed half monthly during a 45-day storage for various quality Parameters. Oriental melon which stored in CA condition was lower in weight loss and decay rate than that stored in air. There was no significant difference in firmness by CO$_2$or O$_2$concentration during a month of storage. Fruits stored in 10% CO$_2$+3% O$_2$showed higher level of soluble solids, Vitamin C content and L value than other condition. And also comparatively lower endogenous ethanol accumulation and better state of quality was observed in that condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1779-1786
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate soy sauce oil (a by-product of making whole soybean soy sauce) as a new dietary lipid source, a large amount of soy sauce oil was administered into the rumen of dairy cows. Methods: Four Holstein dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 56-day experiment. Ruminal administration of soy sauce oil (1 kg/d) was carried out for 42 days from day 8 to day 49 to monitor nutritional, physiological and production responses. Results: Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by soy sauce oil administration, whereas 4% fat-corrected milk yield and the percentage of milk fat decreased. Although ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and the proportion of individual VFA were partially affected by administration of soy sauce oil, values were within normal ranges, showing no apparent inhibition in rumen fermentation. Administration of soy sauce oil decreased the proportions of milk fatty acids with a carbon chain length of less than 18, and increased the proportions of stearic, oleic, vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids. Conjugated linoleic acid content in milk became 5.9 to 8.8 times higher with soy sauce oil administration. Blood serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid increased with administration of soy sauce oil, suggesting a higher energy status of the experimental cows. Conclusion: The results suggest that soy sauce oil could be a useful supplement to potentially improve milk functionality without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation and animal health. More detailed analysis is necessary to optimize the supplementation level of this new lipid source in feeding trials.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.522-527
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• 2017

We determined the effects of atmospheric temperature ($10-30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ in $5^{\circ}C$ increments) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) levels ($400{\pm}50ppm$, $540{\pm}50ppm$, and $940{\pm}50ppm$) on the infection of Solanum tuberosum cv. Chubaek by Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Below $CO_2$ levels of $400{\pm}50ppm$, the PLRV infection rate and RNA content in plant tissues increased as the temperature increased to $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, but declined at higher temperatures. At high $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$), more plants were infected by PLRV at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ than at 20 or $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, whereas PLRV RNA content was unchanged in the $20-30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ temperature range. The effects of atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration on the acquisition of PLRV by Myzus persicae and accumulation of PLRV RNA in plant tissues were investigated using a growth chamber at $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The M. persicae PLRV RNA content slightly increased at elevated $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$), but this increase was not statistically significant. Transmission rates of PLRV by Physalis floridana increased as $CO_2$ concentration increased. More PLRV RNA accumulated in potato plants maintained at 540 or $940{\pm}50ppm$ $CO_2$, than in plants maintained at $400{\pm}50ppm$. This is the first evidence of greater PLRV RNA accumulation and larger numbers of S. tuberosum plants infected by PLRV under conditions of combined high $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$) and high temperature ($30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.97-109
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• 2016

Objectives : The effects of Jaeumkanghwatang (JEKHT) co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen were observed after oral combination treatment of tamoxifen 50 mg/kg with JEKHT 100 mg/kg on JEKHT 6-day repeated oral pretreated rats with 8-day repeated co-administration to confirm the effects of JEKHT co-administration on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen. Methods : Six days after pretreatment of JEKHT 100 mg/kg, tamoxifen 50 mg/kg was co-administered with JEKHT 100 mg/kg, once a day for 8 days within 5 min. The blood were collected at 30 min before administration, 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hrs after end of first and last 8th tamoxifen treatment, and plasma concentrations of tamoxifen were analyzed using LC-MS/MS methods. PK parameters of tamoxifen ($T_{max}$, $C_{max}$, AUC, $t_{1/2}$ and $MRT_{inf}$) were analysis as compared with tamoxifen single administered. Results : Six-day repeated oral pretreatment of JEKHT and 8-day repeated oral co-administration of tamoxifen within 5 min did not influenced on the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of tamoxifen, oral bioavailability, as compared with tamoxifen single treated rats, except for some negligible effects. Conclusions : It is concluded that JEKHT did not influenced on the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters, the oral bioavailability of tamoxifen. Therefore, it is considered that co-administration of JEKHT and tamoxifen will be provide an effective novel treatment regimen on the comprehensive and integrative medicine for breast cancer patients, if they showed favorable synergic effects on the pharmacodynamics or reduce the tamoxifen treatment related toxicity and side effects in future studies.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.327-339
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• 2023

Objectives : This study conducted a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity test in order to up-cycling Schisandra fruit extract powder(SFEP) using discarded Schisandra chinensis by-products and evaluated the NOAEL of SFEP. Methods : SD-rats were orally administered SFEP at concentrations of 0, 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg once daily for 90 days. Body weights and clinical signs were observed during the administration period. After completion of the experiment, the experimental animals were autopsied to observe necropsy findings and organ weights changes, and hematological parameters and blood chemistry values were measured. Results : During the SFEP administration period, clinical signs such as salivation, wounds, and erosion were sporadically observed in 1 to 2 animals. In the SFEP 250 mg/kg administered group, weights of the liver and thyroid gland significantly increased compared to the control group, but no significant changes were observed in organ weights according to body weights. As a result of measuring hematological parameters and blood chemistry values, a decrease in RDW, T-BIL, and TBA, and an increase in TP, ALB, and Ca were observed due to SFEP administration. However, these changes following SFEP administration were accidental and not dose-dependent. Additionally, no correlation was found between gender and other parameters. Conclusions : Therefore, the NOAEL of SFEP was confirmed to be 250 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.386-396
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• 2018

Cropland is sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). However, the contribution of the fallow season to emission of these gases has rarely been determined. In this study, a field experiment encompassing three treatments was conducted to determine efflux of $N_2O$ and $CO_2$ in cropland during fallow season. The treatments were hairy vetch (H.V.), rye and control (Con.). The H.V. and rye were sown in middle October and early November, respectively. The soil $N_2O$ efflux among all three treatments in the fallow season (November-April) were $0.014-2.956mg\;N_2O\;m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$. The cumulative $N_2O$ emissions were $104.4mg\;N_2O\;m^{-2}$ for Con., $85.8mg\;N_2O\;m^{-2}$ for H.V. and $85.0mg\;N_2O\;m^{-2}$ for Rye during the fallow season. The highest $N_2O$ emissions occurred in Con., while H.V. and Rye emissions were similar. Cumulative $CO_2$ emissions were $293.1g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}$ for Con., $242.2g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}$ for H.V., $275.2g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}$ for Rye during fallow season. This study showed that soil $N_2O$ and $CO_2$ average daily emission during fallow season were 28.3% and 27.4%, respectively of the growing season. Our results indicate that $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ emissions from agricultural systems continue throughout the fallow season.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.245.1-245.1
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• 2003

DA-8159 is a new PDEV (Phosphodiesterase V) inhibitor, synthesized by Dong-A Pharm., as an oral agent to treat male erectile dysfunction. To make a selection of the dosage of oral administration in carcinogenic studies, we studied preliminarily the pharmacokinetics of DA-8159 after single (at the 1$\^$st/ day) and 1-week (at the 7$\^$th/ day) oral administrations of the drug at doses of 15, 50 and 150 mg/kg/day, to male ICR mice. In 15mg/kg single and 1-week repeated oral administration groups, the concentrations of DA-8159 and DA-8164(the main metabolite of DA-8159) were below the limit of quantitation(LOQ:50ng/ml). (omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.261-269
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• 1998

Concomitant administration of a single acute dose of ethanol (4 g/kg) protected mice from the hepatocellular injury observed upon administration of a large dose of acetaminophen (400 mg/kg). This was evidenced by the normal histological appearances of liver sections and by the lowered serum aminotransferase activities in mice treated with ethanol and acetaminophen together. In the mice treated with acetaminophen alone, along with the hepatic necrosis, the hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was decreased. However, co-administration of ethanol prevented this acetaminophen dependent inhibition on the microsomal mixed function oxidase activity. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the concentration of un-metabolized drug in the blood was increased in the ethanol treated mice. Furthermore, upon co-administration of ethanol, although the biliary levels of acetaminophen metabolites (glucuronide, sulfate and cysteine conjugates) were decreased, the level of unmetabolized acetaminophen was increased. Our findings suggest that co-administration of an acute dose of ethanol reduces the degree of hepatocellular necrosis produced by a large dose of acetaminophen and this ethanol dependent protection is, in major part, afforded by suppression of the hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity catalyzing the metabolic activation of acetaminophen.