• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

Purpose: Cervical dislocations with locked facets account for more than 50% of all cervical injuries. Thus, investigating a suitable management of cervical locked facets is important. This study examined factors of close reduction failure in traumatically locked facets of the subaxial cervical spine patients to determine suitable surgical management. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed of the case histories of 28 patients with unilateral/bilateral cervical locked facets from Nov. 2004 to Dec. 2010. Based on MRI evaluation of disc status at the injury level, we found unilateral dislocations in 9 cases, and bilateral dislocations in 19 cases, The patients were investigated for neurologic recovery, closed reduction rate, factors of the close reduction barrier, fusion rate and period, spinal alignment, and complications. Results: The closed reduction failed in 23(82%) patients. Disc herniation was an obstacle to closed reduction (p=0.015) and was more frequent in cases involving a unilateral dislocation (p=0.041). The pedicle or facet fracture was another factor, although some patients showed aggravation of neurologic symptoms, most patients had improved by the last follow up. The kyphotic angle were statistically significant (p=0.043). Sixs patient underwent anterior decompression/fusion, and 15 patients underwent circumferential fusion, and 7 patients underwent posterior fusion. All patients were fused at 3 months after surgery. The complications were 1 case of CSF leakage and 1 case of esphageal fistula, 1 case of infection. Conclusion: We recommend closed reduction be performed as soon as possible after injury to maximize the potential for neurological recovery. Patients fot whom closed reduction of the cervical locked facets have a higher incidence of anatomic obstacles to reduction, including facet fractures and disc herniation. Immediate direct open anterior reduction or circumferential fixation/fusion of locked cervical facets is recommended as a treatment of choice for traumatic locked cervical facet patients after closed reduction failure.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.488-500
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 DTV 자막방송 데이터의 응용을 통한 부가가치 서비스 활용 방안을 연구한다. DTV 자막방송(Closed-Captioning)이란 방송프로그램의 대사를 문자화된 자막으로 보여주는 서비스로서 장애인, 노약자, 외국인 등 정보소외계층의 방송접근권 확대를 통한 정보격차(digital divide) 해소를 목적으로 한다. 국내에서는 2007년 6월에 디지털TV 자막 방송 표준규격이 완료되었으며, 2008년 4월부터 '장애인 차별금지 및 권리구제 등에 관한 법률'에 의한 모든 방송서비스의 자막방송 의무화로 인하여 현재 대부분의 지상파방송에서는 자막방송 서비스를 제공하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 DTV 자막방송 데이터의 응용을 위하여 지상파방송의 MPEG-2 Transport Stream으로부터 자막데이터를 추출하는 방법을 설명하고, 추출된 자막과 시간정보를 이용하여 PC 환경의 멀티미디어 재생기에서 사용가능한 자막파일의 생성 방법을 제안한다. 그리고 생성된 자막파일을 이용한 방송콘텐츠의 시간적 구간분할 방법을 제안한다. 실험에서는 자막파일 생성 및 구간분할 S/W의 구현을 통하여 제안된 방법의 유용성을 확인하였으며, 다양한 자막데이터 응용 기능의 제시를 통하여 자막데이터의 응용 가능성을 검증하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.619-626
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• 2009

광물자원의 경우 시장여건 변화에 따라 가격변동이 발생되며, 이에 따른 상업적 환경의 변화로 폐광된 광산이 다시 재개발되는 사례 또한 빈번히 발생하기도 한다. 2003년 이후 국제 광물자원 가격은 급격한 상승이 있었으며 한국의 경우에도 폐광된 광산의 재개발에 대한 필요성이 제기되었고 일부 광산의 경우 재개발이 시행되기도 하였다. 본 고는 폐광산의 재개발과 관련하여 효과적인 광해관리를 위해 어떻게 규제제도를 운영할 것인가에 대한 모색을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 최근 발생된 광물자원 가격 변화와 함께, 한국의 폐광산 재개발 가능성 및 계획에 대해 살펴보았다. 또한 광산개발과 광해방지 시 인허가 제도에 대한 검토와 문제점 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 광해복구가 이루어진 폐광산의 재개발을 위한 인허가 시 광해방지에 투입된 비용과 재개발 시 기대되는 편익을 비교 검토하는 비용 편익 경제성 평가서의 추가적 제출과 함께, 정부의 <광해방지 기본계획> 수립 시 광해복구사업이 필요한 폐광산 선정과 관련하여 재개발 가능성을 고려한 계획 수립이 이루어지도록 제도 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2012

Objective : Twist-drill craniostomy (TDC) with closed-system drainage and burr-hole drainage (BHD) with a closed system are effective treatment options for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). The aim of this study was to analyze clinical data and surgical results from symptomatic CSDH patients who underwent TDC with closed-system drainage at the pre-coronal point (PCP). Methods : We analyzed data for 134 symptomatic CSDH patients who underwent TDC at the PCP with closed-system drainage. We defined the PCP for TDC to be 1 cm anterior to the coronal suture at the level of superior temporal line. TDC at the PCP with closed-system drainage was selected in patients with CSDH that extended beyond the coronal suture, confirmed by preoperative CT scans. Medical records, radiological findings, and clinical performance were reviewed retrospectively. Results : Of the 134 CSDH patients, 114 (85.1%) showed improved clinical performance and imaging findings after surgery. Catheter failures were seen in two cases (1.4%); the catheters were inserted in the epidural space. Recurrent cases were seen in eight patients (5.6%), and they were improved with a second BHD with a closed-system operation. Conclusion : TDC at the PCP with closed-system drainage is safe and effective for patients with symptomatic CSDH whose hematomas extend beyond the coronal suture.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2017

Background: Methods for exercising serratus anterior (SA) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles are important for the recovery of patients with various shoulder disorders, yet the efficacy of closed or open kinetic chain exercises have not yet been evaluated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of the SA and UT muscles during scapular protraction considering both closed and open kinetic chain exercises. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into experimental groups (closed kinetic chain exercise) and control groups (open kinetic chain exercise) in which scapular protraction was performed at $90^{\circ}$ or $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion. Electromyographic activity data were collected from the SA and UT muscles per position and exercise method. Results: Separate mixed 2-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in the activation of the SA (F1,28=6.447, p=.017) and the UT (F1,28=35.450, p=.001) muscles between the groups at $90^{\circ}$ and $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion. Also, the SA/UT ratio measures at $90^{\circ}$ and $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion significantly differed between the groups (F1,28=15.457, p=.001). That is, the closed chain exercise was more effective than open chain exercise for strengthening the SA muscle and controlling the UT muscle, $125^{\circ}$ of shoulder joint was more effective than $90^{\circ}$. Conclusion: The findings suggest that scapular protraction with shoulder $125^{\circ}$ flexion at the closed kinetic chain exercise may be more effective in increasing SA muscle activation and decreasing UT muscle activation as well as increasing the SA/UT ratio than open kinetic chain exercise.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2020

Background: It is difficult to completely fix nasal bone fractures with closed reduction, as it is often accompanied by septal cartilage damage, and this often results in postoperative secondary deformities. Thus, patients are often reluctant to undergo closed reduction surgery. The present study aimed to evaluate aesthetic and functional satisfaction, as well as satisfaction with and complications of closed reduction, according to nasal bone fracture type. Methods: The subjects were patients who underwent closed reduction under general anesthesia from January 2017 to December 2018. Based on the modified Murray classification, patients were classified into five groups according to the fracture site, septal fracture, and deviation. A total of 211 patients were sent a web-based survey on postoperative satisfaction and complications, as well as intention for revision and cosmetic surgery. Sixty-one patients (28.9%) responded. Results: There were no significant differences in aesthetic and functional satisfaction or satisfaction with closed reduction according to the fracture type, site, or severity. Postoperative functional complications developed in 14 of 61 patients (22.95%). With 10 out of 24 (41.67%) patients (p = 0.044), the bilateral fracture with septal fracture or prominent septal deviation type had a higher incidence of complications than the other types. Conclusion: The incidence of complications is higher for bilateral fracture with septal fracture or prominent septal deviation compared to the other nasal bone fracture types. Therefore, long-term follow-up after closed reduction surgery for this fracture type can aid in establishing additional postoperative treatment plans and improving patient satisfaction.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 2020

Background: Compared with conventional closed therapy, acupotomy has the advantages of lower cost, convenient application, and better single and long-term effects. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical effect of acupotomy in the treatment of Tarsal Tunnel syndrome. Methods: There were 80 patients enrolled into the study who were randomly assigned to either the acupotomy or closed therapy group, with 40 patients in each group. The acupotomy group was treated once every 6 days, on 3 occasions for the duration of treatment, and the closed therapy group was treated twice a week, for 3 weeks as the course of treatment. The effects of treatment were analyzed and evaluated according to the standard of curative effect. Results: The "cure rate" of the number of patients in the acupotomy group whose symptoms had completely disappeared (13 patient out of 39) was higher than the closed therapy group (1 patient out of 39), and this difference was significant (p < 0.01). The number of patients in the acupotomy group who did not benefit from the therapy (5 patients) was significantly lower than the closed therapy group (15 patients; p < 0.05). The total number of patients in the acupotomy group who benefitted from the therapy (34 patients) resulted in an effective rate of 87.18%, which was higher than the closed therapy group (24 patients; 61.53%). The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Acupotomy is effective in the treatment of Tarsal Tunnel syndrome, was superior to traditional closed therapy, and is worthy of clinical application.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2013

Although closed soilless culture is useful for saving water and fertilizers with minimizing environmental pollution, adequate management of nutrient solutions is still not stabilized in greenhouse cultivation. In order to investigate the problems occurred in closed soilless culture of Paprika (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Fiesta), we compared ion balance, fruit yield, and the water and fertilizer use efficiencies in the closed system with those in the open system. The plants were grown in rockwool culture with a nutrient solution of EC $2.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. After 4 weeks of treatment, individual ratio of $NO{_3}^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ to total ion concentrations ($meq{\cdot}L^{-1}$) decreased from the initial value, especially the biggest decrement was observed in $K^+$, and on the other hand, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $Cl^-$, and $Na^+$ were accumulated in the closed system. Yields after four-time harvests were 19% higher in the open system than in the closed system. Total volume of water used per unit area ($m^2$) in the open system was 20% higher, but the total water use per fruit was not significantly different between the two systems, while t total fertilizer use per fruit was 78% higher in the closed system. Amount of marketable fruits was not significantly different between the two systems. We concluded that the increase in $K^+$ supply and the replenishment of recycled nutrient solution every four weeks were required for preventing the imbalance or depletion of nutrients in the close soilless culture of paprika plants to get more balanced nutrient composition during whole cultivation period.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2013

Objective : We performed this study to investigate whether the use of closed-suction drainage following microvascular decompression (MVD) causes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Methods : Between 2004 and 2011, a total of 157 patients with neurovascular compression were treated with MVD. MVD was performed for hemifacial spasm in 150 (95.5%) cases and for trigeminal neuralgia in 7 (4.5%) cases. The mean age of the patients was $49.8{\pm}9.6$ years (range, 20-69). Dural substitutes were used in 44 (28.0%) patients. Ninety-two patients (58.6%) were underwent a 4-5 cm craniotomy using drainage (drainage group), and 65 (41.4%) did a small 2-2.5 cm retromastoid craniectomy without closed-suction drainage (no-drainage group). Results : Eleven (7.0%) patients experienced CSF leakage following MVD based on the criteria of this study; all of these patients were in the drainage group. In the unadjusted analyses, the incidence of CSF leakage was significantly related with the use of closed-suction drainage following MVD (12.0% in the drainage group vs. 0% in the no-drainage group, respectively; p=0.003; Fisher's exact test). Those who received dural substitutes and the elderly (cut-off value=60 years) exhibited a tendency to develop CSF leakage (p=0.075 and p=0.090, respectively; Fisher's exact test). In the multivariate analysis, only the use of closed-suction drainage was significantly and independently associated with the development of CSF leakage following MVD (odds ratio=9.900; 95% confidence interval, 1.418 to infinity; p=0.017). Conclusion : The use of closed-suction drainage following MVD appears to be related to the development of CSF leakage.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.210-214
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• 2009

Objective : Several surgical procedures have been reported for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). We compared the results of treatments for CSDH obtained from one burr-hole craniostomy with closed system drainage with or without irrigation, two burr-hole craniostomy with closed system drainage with irrigation, and small craniotomy with irrigation and closed-system drainage. Methods : Eighty-seven patients with CSDH underwent surgery at our institution from January 2004 to December 2008. Our patients were classified into three groups according to the operative procedure; group I, one burr-hole craniostomy with closed system drainage with or without irrigation (n=25), group II, two burr-hole craniostomy with closed system drainage with irrigation (n=32), and group III, small craniotomy with irrigation and closed-system drainage (n=30). Results : Age distribution, male and female ratio, Markwalder's grade on admission and at the time of discharge, size of hematoma before and after surgery, duration of operation, Hounsfield unit of hematoma before and after surgery, duration of hospital treatment, complication rate, and revision rate were categories that we compared between groups. Duration of operation and hospitalization were only two categories which were different. But, when comparing burr hole craniostomy group (group I and group II) with small craniotomy group (group III), duration of post-operative hospital treatment, complication and recurrence rate were statistically lower in small craniotomy group, even though operation time was longer. Conclusion : Such results indicate that small craniotomy with irrigation and closed-system drainage can be considered as one of the treatment options in patients with CSDH.