• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2014

Ground-based polarimetric scatterometers have been effective tools to monitor the growth of crop with multi-polarization and frequencies and various incident angles. An important advantage of these systems that can be exploited is temporal observation of a specific crop target. Polarimetric backscatter data at L-, C- and X-bands were acquired every 10 minutes. We analyzed the relationships between L-, C- and X-band signatures, biophysical measurements over the whole corn growth period. The Vertical transmit and Vertical receive polarization (VV) backscattering coefficients for all bands were greater than those of the Horizontal transmit and Horizontal receive polarization (HH) until early-July, and then thereafter HH-polarization was greater than VV-polarization or Horizontal transmit and Vertical receive polarization (HV) until the harvesting stage (Day Of Year, DOY 240). The results of correlation analysis between the backscattering coefficients for all bands and corn growth data showed that L-band HH-polarization (L-HH) was the most suited for monitoring the fresh weight ($r=0.95^{***}$), dry weight ($r=0.95^{***}$), leaf area index ($r=0.86^{**}$), and vegetation water content ($r=0.93^{***}$). Retrieval equations were developed for estimating corn growth parameters using L-HH. The results indicated that L-HH could be used for estimating the vegetation biophysical parameters considered here with high accuracy. Those results can be useful in determining frequency and polarization of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar stem and in designing a future ground-based microwave system for a long-term monitoring of corn.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.273-281
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to consider the effectiveness of continuous $CO_2$ emission monitoring in waste incinerator. To prevent global warming, many countries are trying to reduce $CO_2$, the main greenhouse gas. Currently, Korea is implementing an emission trading scheme to reduce $CO_2$, and waste incinerators are included in this scheme as major $CO_2$ sources. However, when using waste incinerators, $CO_2$ is discharged during incineration of various types of wastes, therefore it is very difficult to calculate the amount of emissions according to IPCC guidelines. In addition, the estimation of $CO_2$ emissions by calculation is known to lack of accuracy comparing with actual emissions. Currently, Korea is operating CleanSYS, which enables continuous measurement of gases emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the $CO_2$ emissions of waste incineration facilities. The IPCC, which published $CO_2$ emission calculation guidelines, recognizes that direct measurement of emission is a more advanced method in cases of various $CO_2$ emission sources such as a waste incineration facility. Also, Korean emission trading scheme guidelines allow estimation of $CO_2$ emissions by continuous measurement at waste incineration facilities. Therefore, this study considers the effectiveness of a direct measurement method by comparing the results of CleanSYS with the calculation method suggested by the IPCC guidelines.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.143-159
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• 2011

전력설비의 $SF_6$ 가스 배출저감을 통한 CDM 방법론 AM0035(Approved Methodology 0035. Ver 1.0)를 적용한 사업은 EB(Executive Board) 41차 회의 결과에 따라 $SF_6$ 가스의 운영 상태 및 과정, 불확도를 포함한 베이스 라인, 프로젝트 배출량 산정에 주요 매개변수의 직접 모니터링을 명확하게 입증해야 한다. 본 연구를 통하여 유지보수 시 회수율, 폐기 교체 전 후 가스 순도, 재처리(reclamation) 전 후 $SF_6$ 가스 손실률, 회수 설비 및 재처리 설비의 전력사용량에 의한 배출량, 운반 시 발생되는 누출량(leakage)의 다양한 모니터링 결과를 보수적으로 고려하였다. 그 결과, 기존 방법론보다 베이스 라인 배출량이 감소하고, 프로젝트 배출량이 증가되어 저감량이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.12-28
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• 2023

Each national groundwater monitoring well showed distinct change patterns in groundwater levels and electrical conductivity (EC) in the Nakdong River Estuary, implying different external forces (EFs) on each well. According to the annual average data in 1997-2020, seawater was invaded into Well C. The desalination rate of -1,062 µS/cm/year represents the adaptive capacity of the well to seawater intrusion. The water levels and EC in Well E responded to precipitation, indicating the low absorptive capacity to climate changes. Meanwhile, Well B showed constant increases in water levels, suggesting that problems by rising groundwater should be considered in the study area where confined aquifers are overlaid by clay aquitards. The other wells showed consistent water levels and EC, indicating resilience to EFs. Here, resilience is the capacity of a well to resist changes by EFs, including the absorptive and adaptive capacity. The resilience of Wells E and F to climate changes was quantitatively compared using a resilience cost (RC). The RC showed Well F was more resilient than Well E, and the bedrock aquifer was more resilient than the alluvium aquifer, supporting the usefulness of RC. The resilience assessment against EFs (e.g., changes in land use and climate) helps sustainable groundwater management.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.128-134
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• 2015

This paper focuses on the applicability of a continuous monitoring method on trace sulfur compounds in the ambient air by TD and GC/PFPD. The target compounds for monitoring include H2S(hydrogen sulfide), Methyl mercaptan, Dimethyl Sulfide, and Dimethyl disulfide. The result of QA/QC on monitoring instruments satisfies all the standards of Odor Measurement and Analysis Method, showing that the reproductivity of the compounds by concentration is within 10%, linearity is above 0.98 of a correlation efficient, method detection limit is 0.16 ppb by MM standard, and recovery rate is over 70%. Monitoring was conducted for two years from March 2006 to February 2008. As a result of the monitoring, the average concentration of H2S was 0.08 ppb, with the maximum concentration at 16.15 ppb. The result indicates that it is reasonable to do continuous monitoring as there appears a spontaneous event of high concentration by the condition of the site during monitoring odor-causing substances. Therefore, it is suggested that the continuous monitoring method used in this paper is appropriate to identify the characteristics of sudden occurrence and concentration variations of sulfur compounds.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.507-516
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• 2011

Tropical Atmosphere Ocean/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON) Array is the series of buoys for the international ocean research project, which is mostly supported by National Ocean and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). We can determine the effect of the equatorial and Pacific Ocean conditions on global climate change from buoy array measurement data. The TAO/TRITON array comprises around 70 measurement buoys from $10^{\circ}$ north to $10^{\circ}$ south in the tropics and between Galpagos and New Guinea. NOAA maintains ATLAS buoys in the central and eastern Pacific between $165^{\circ}E$ and $95^{\circ}W$, and JAMSTEC maintains the 12 buoys in the western Pacific along $137^{\circ}E$, $147^{\circ}E$, and $156^{\circ}E$. The KA-10-03 cruise excursion provided us with a good opportunity to obtain knowledge on oceanic buoy operation and maintenance. Further, we learned advanced techniques and know-how on buoy operation and maintenance. Once we are confident with our buoy management and maintenance techniques, both KORDI and NOAA technicians may be able to help each other when needed and share available resources.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2017년도 학술발표회
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• pp.198-198
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• 2017

Climate change causes unpredictable and erratic climatic patterns which affects crop production in agriculture and threatens public health. To cope with the challenges of climate change, sustainable and sound growth environment for crop production should be secured. Recent attention has been given to the development of smart irrigation system using sensors and wireless network as a solution to achieve water conservation as well as improvement in crop yield and quality with less water and labor. This study developed the smart irrigation technique for farmlands by monitoring the soil moisture contents and real-time climate condition for decision-making support. Central to this design is micro-controller which monitors the farm condition and controls the distribution of water on the farm. In addition, a series of laboratory studies were conducted to determine the optimal irrigation pattern, one time versus plug time. This smart technique allows farmers to reduce water use, improve the efficiency of irrigation systems, produce more yields and better quality of crops, reduce fertilizer and pesticide application, improve crop uniformity, and prevent soil erosion which eventually reduce the nonpoint source pollution discharge into aquatic-environment.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.159-173
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• 2015

This paper presents a study on the Internet of Things based low-power wireless sensor networks for remote monitoring of wildlife ecosystem due to climate change. Especially, it is targeting the wild vegetation communities ecological monitoring. First, we performed a pre-test and analysis for selecting the appropriate frequency for the sensor network to collect and deliver information reliably in harsh propagation environment of the forest area, and selected for sensors for monitoring wild vegetation communities on the basis of considerations for selecting the best sensor. In addition, we have presented the platform concept and hierarchical function structures for effectively monitoring, analyzing and predicting of ecosystem changes, to apply the Internet of Things in the ecological monitoring area. Based on this, this paper presents the system architecture and design of the Internet of Things based low-power wireless sensor networks for monitoring the ecosystem of the wild vegetation communities. Finally, we constructed and operated the test-bed applied to real wild trees, using the developed prototype based on the design.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

온실가스 증가로 인한 기후변화는 농업 생태계에 다양한 경로로 영향을 미쳐 작물 생산에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 또한, 농업 생태계는 생물, 기후, 토양 및 경제 환경이 서로 복잡하게 연결되어 있어 개별 분야에 초점을 맞춘 적응 대책들은 농업 부문 내 다른 영역에 의도하지 않은 파급 효과를 초래할 수 있다. 기후변화 조건에서 복잡한 농업 생태계의 상호작용을 고려하면서 최적의 작물 생산성을 유지하기 위해 개별분야별 모델을 연계한 통합 예측 시스템 구축이 요구된다. 이러한 통합시스템을 구축하기 위해서는 단계적 접근이 필요하다. 국내에서 사용되고 있는 모델들은 통합시스템에 적합하도록 설계된 것이 아니기 때문에, 이를 위한 모델의 재개발이 필요하다. 농업생태계 감시를 위한 수퍼사이트와 위성사이트의 구축을 통해 장기간 작물 생육 자료를 확보하고 이를 개별 분야 모델의 개선에 활용할 수 있다. 모델 대상의 추상화와 상속과정을 통해 보다 유연한 형태의 통합 모델의 모듈 개발이 가능할 것이다. 마지막으로, 농업분야는 사회경제적인 요인에 지대한 영향을 받기 때문에, 농업생산과 경제분야가 연계될 수 있는 통합 시스템 구축이 바람직 할 것 이다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

In this study, the GPM (Global Precipitation Mission) IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellitE retrievals for GPM) rainfall data was verified and evaluated using ground AWS (Automated Weather Station) and radar in order to investigate the availability of GPM IMERG rainfall data. The SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) was calculated based on the GPM IMERG data and also compared with the results obtained from the ground observation data for the Hoengseong Dam and Yongdam Dam areas. For the radar data, 1.5 km CAPPI rainfall data with a resolution of 10 km and 30 minutes was generated by applying the Z-R relationship ($Z=200R^{1.6}$) and used for accuracy verification. In order to calculate the SPI, PERSIANN_CDR and TRMM 3B42 were used for the period prior to the GPM IMERG data availability range. As a result of latency verification, it was confirmed that the performance is relatively higher than that of the early run mode in the late run mode. The GPM IMERG rainfall data has a high accuracy for 20 mm/h or more rainfall as a result of the comparison with the ground rainfall data. The analysis of the time scale of the SPI based on GPM IMERG and changes in normal annual precipitation adequately showed the effect of short term rainfall cases on local drought relief. In addition, the correlation coefficient and the determination coefficient were 0.83, 0.914, 0.689 and 0.835, respectively, between the SPI based GPM IMERG and the ground observation data. Therefore, it can be used as a predictive factor through the time series prediction model. We confirmed the hydrological utilization and the possibility of real time drought monitoring using SPI based on GPM IMERG rainfall, even though results presented in this study were limited to some rainfall cases.