• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.11 s.158
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• pp.1626-1635
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to search for comfortable protective clothing for waste incinerator workers. The experimental protective clothing came in two types: one whose outer side made use of polypropylene film, and the inner side, a non-woven rayon fabric processed with charcoal with a 10% density (CF): and one whose outer side made use of polyolefine and polyamide films, and the inner side, a non-woven polypropylene fabric (NNCF). Experiments were conducted on five healthy adult women whose average age was 21. These experiments were conducted at a climate chamber, in which the temperature and relative humidity were set below $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C\;and\;50{\pm}10%$, respectively. Measured were the rectal temperature, the skin temperature, the sweating rate, the weight loss, the heart rate, the blood pressure, the temperature, and the relative humidity of a microclimate and subjective sensation. These were measured within a period of 60 min, consisting of a 20-min stable period, a 20-min exercise period (walking exercise for 2 miles/hr on a treadmill), and a 20-min recovery period. Through this experiment, the differences between the human body's physiological reactions to CF and NNCF clothing, and the human body's comfort levels when wearing these, were determined.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2010

This study investigated organic carbon fluxes in Ulleung Basin sediments, East Sea based on a chamber experiment and geochemical analyses. At depths greater than 2,000 m, Ulleung Basin sediments have high organic carbon contents (over 2.0%). Apparent sedimentation rates (ASR) calculated from excess $^{210}Pb$ activity distribution, varied from 0.036 to $0.047\;cm\;yr^{-1}$. The mass accumulation rates (MAR) calculated from porosity, grain density (GD), and ASR, ranged from 131 to $184\;g\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$. These results were in agreement with sediment trap results obtained at a water depth of 2100 m. Input fluxes of organic carbon varied from 7.89 to $11.08\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ at the basin sediments, with an average of $9.56\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$. Below a sediment depth of 15cm, burial fluxes of organic carbon ranged from 2.02 to $3.10\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$. Within the basin sediments, regenerated fluxes of organic carbon estimated with oxygen consumption rate, varied from 6.22 to $6.90\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$. However, the regenerated fluxes of organic carbon calculated by subtracting burial flux from input flux, varied from 5.87 to $7.98\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$. Respectively, the proportions of the input flux, regenerated flux, and burial flux to the primary production ($233.6\;gC\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$) in the Ulleung Basin were about 4.1%, 3.0%, and 1.1%. These proportions were extraordinarily higher than the average of world open ocean. Based upon these results, the Ulleung Basin might play an integral role in the deposition and removal of organic carbon.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.3 s.56
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• pp.406-413
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• 2005

This study performed the evaluation of skin temperature, heart rate, temperature and relative humidity of microclimate, and subjective sensation, such as thermal sensation, wet sensation and comfort sensation to estimate physiological responses of the human body and its comfortable feeling to the vitamin E fabric. Experiments were performed on the five healthy adult women whose average age was 21, at climate chamber in which temperature, relative humidity and air current were set up below $30{\pm}\;1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}\;15\%$ and 0.2m/s, respectively. Two kinds of clothes were used for experiments: unfinished sports clothes, with the same form and the same size, of short-sleeved knit shirt and long trousers made with $100\%$ cotton, and finished sports clothes printed with the vitamin E solution of the level of $0.88\%$. Exercises of walking (about 105 steps/minute) with the exercise intensity of 2.5 were performed for 20 minutes using treadmill. In result, the study showed significant difference (p<0.01) in average skin temperature between unfinished and finished sport clothes, and represented higher value with having unfinished sport clothes in wear than with finished one. The study also showed significant difference (p<0.01) in heart rate only during the period of exercise, and represented higher value generally with unfinished sport clothes than with finished one. There were significant differences not only in temperature of microclimate (p<0.01) but also in humidity of microclimate (p<0.05) between two sport clothes. As for the evaluation of subjective sensation, the study showed significant difference (p<0.05) in thermal sensation between the two kinds of sport clothes, significant difference in wet sensation only during the period of exercise, and significant difference (p<0.05) in comfort sensation only during the period of recovery.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.515-521
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• 2004

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body fat on thermophysiological responses and subjective sensations under hot environment. Fifteen female college students volunteered as subjects. Subjects were organized into three groups - low body fat group(L group : less than 20% of body fat), medium body fat group(M group : 20%~30% of body fat) and high body fat group(H group : More than 30% of Body fat). The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber of $32^{\circ}C$, 60%RH with the repeat of having 'Exercise' and 'Rest' period. The results of this study are as follows ; Rectal temperature maintained higher in M group and L group than in H group in the period of exercise 1. High body fat was so effective in keeping the core temperature, it seems that as was usually the case in cold environment. The mean skin temperature was the lowest value in H group but the ratio of mean skin temperature change was clearly high value in H group. The above facts indicated that thermophysiological response occurs rapidly in H group. Blood pressure, pulse rate and metabolic rate of H group showed the highest values and those of L group showed the lowest value in all period of experiment. Effective of sweating rate was higher in H group than other groups. In subjective sensations, The H group felt more pleasant and comfortable than M group. With these results in mind, people of H group responses more actively for thermal regulation in a hot environment, and these leads H group to feel more pleasant and comfortable.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.705-710
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• 2012

In this study, an experiment on an air conditioning test bench was performed to verify the possibility of fuel economy simulation for the SC03 mode, North America fuel economy certification mode with a/c on condition, one of the vehicle fuel economy evaluation modes. The air conditioning test bench used in this study had each chamber simulating the actual vehicle air conditioning system and the controlling temperature, humidity, and air flow velocity to reproduce environmental conditions. Reliable results were obtained about the compressor RPM and inlet air velocity in front of the condenser corresponding to vehicle speed and air velocity in front of the vehicle, respectively, in the simulation of the SC03 mode, previously performed in CWT, in an air conditioning test bench. It was also discovered that there was a distinct difference in the fuel economy depending on the difference in the compressor displacement in the simulation test of the SC03 mode in the air conditioning test bench under various displacement conditions of the compressor.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.833-839
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• 2009

This study was to investigate the human's physiological responses and subjective sensations with wear trial through seasonal condition by age. Climate chamber was set $5^{\circ}C$, RH 45% for winter and $30^{\circ}C$, RH 65% for summer condition. Thirty male subjects were volunteered consisted of 10 people in their 20s, 40s, and 60s. In this study physiological responses such as rectal temperature, skin temperature, clothing microclimate, heart rate and blood pressure were measured. As for age, 60s was the highest in rectal temperature regardless of seasonal condition. In skin temperature, 40s was the highest in winter and 20s was the highest in summer. In clothing microclimate temperature and heart rate, 20s was the highest regardless of seasonal condition. And blood pressure was appeared the highest in 20s regardless of seasonal condition. Subjective sensations such as temperature sensation, wetness sensation and thermal comfort were measured. The subjects revealed that temperature sensation was higher 20s than 60s. Compare of other age group, 60s felt colder in the same environment and clothing. It suggested that temperature susceptibility in 60s became weakened showing no change sensation during the cold exposure. Wetness sensation was higher 20s than 60s. Thermal comfort of 60s was felt more discomfortable than any other age group. This means require the supplement of a suitable clothing in order to adjust to change of environmental conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal and subjective comfort of various pesticide-proof clothes made from different material. Seven male adults took part in the study, conducted in a climate-chamber controlled with an ambient temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ and a relative humidity of 60%RH. The thermal and subjective responses of subjects wearing pesticide-proof clothing made of Goretex(coating treatment), polyester (water-repellent treatment), non-woven(coating) and nylon(coating) were measured. The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Change of rectal temperature and clothing microclimate were inhibited more effectively in pesticide-proof clothing made of Goretex, polyester and non-woven than nylon materials. (2) Mean skin temperature at the end of the experiment was significantly higher in subjects who wore nylon than non-woven and Goretex, and was lowest in those with pesticide-proof clothing made of polyester. (3) Change of heart rate was significantly lower in subjects with Goretex and polyester clothiing than those with non-woven, and in those with nylon, it was highest. (4) Subjective comfort was greater in subjects with Goretex, polyester and nonwoven clothing than nylon, except for thermal sensation. Thermal sensation was greater in order of polyester, Goretex, non-woven and nylon. Thus, it was concluded that pesticide-proof clothing made of Goretex, polyester and non-woven material could reduce thermal stress during the spraying of pesticides in summer.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.629-632
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• 2009

The polymeric desiccant rotor is made from the super absorbent polymer by ion modification. The moisture sorption capacity of the super desiccant polymer(SDP) is 4 to 5 times larger than those of common desiccant meterials such as silica gel or zeolite. It is also known that SDP can be regenerated even at the relatively low temperature. To fabricate the desiccant rotor, firstly the SDP was laminated by coating the SDP on polyethylene sheet. Then corrugated and rolled up into a rotor. The diameter, the depth, the dimensions of the corrugated channel, etc. were pre-determined from numerical simulation on the heat and mass transfer in the desiccant rotor. The dehumidification performance was tested in a climate chamber. The relevant tests were carried out at the process air inlet temperature of $32^{\circ}C$, the regeneration air inlet temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ and the inlet dew-point temperature of both the process air and the regeneration air of $18.5^{\circ}C$, when the rotation period is long, the moisture sorption is not effective. In the desiccant rotor developed in this study, the optimum rotation period is found about 350s at the regeneration temperature of $60^{\circ}C$. It was found from further experiments that the optimum rotation tends to decreases as the regeneration temperature increases. Meanwhile, the outlet temperature of the process air deceases monotonically as the rotation period increases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 1999

This study was performed for purpose of getting fundamental information requisite to wear velvet clothes that is more comfortable for the human body and also the environment. It was carried out in a human wearing test and thermal manikin test at the same time in a controlled-condition chamber. The experimental environment had a ambient temperature of 15$\pm$0.5$^{\circ}C$ with the relative humidity at 5$^{\circ}C$$\pm$5% and with air velocity at less that than 0.2m/sec. Velvet differ from common plain weaves in thermal properties because it's constructed in two parts one is ground part and the other part is pile part. In order to investigate the thermal resistance of velvet eight different combination of 4 velvet kinds and 2 lings kinds as experimental clothes. [(4 velvet kinds : Acetate cuprammoium Rayon Cotton Wool) (2 lining kinds : acetate viscose rayon)longrightarrow8 combination: Aa, Av, Ra, Rv, Ca, Cv, Wa, Wv: the simplified character] The results of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. For the regional thermal resistance the differences in eight clothes as well as differences in each part were significant. As a whole the breast part showed the highest thermal resistance and the leg part was higher than the shank part. The rank of the total thermal resistance was put at Wa>Wv>Ca>Cv>Aa>Av>Ra>Rv in this order. 2. Considered clothing microclimate microclimate temperature has a similar tendency to the total thermal resistance. It showed a significance in the differences of eight clothes and each parts. the belly part was highest in every combination. On the other hand for clothing humidity there was a significance between back and breast part only in the human wearing test. 3. It was indicated that CLO value was highly positively correlated with the clothings' weight and showed a high negative correlation with the air permeability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1792-1801
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• 2008

This study was to develope the pesticide-proof clothes(PPC) for fruit-grower which has been well known over applied agricultural chemicals. The ergonomic evaluation of PPC were tested in two ways. Male adults volunteered the tests to evaluate the safety to pesticide in the field and the thermal comforts in the climate-chamber($30^{\circ}C$, 60%R.H.). PPC were made of 4 different fabrics. Two of them were on the market(coated non-woven and coated nylon). Others were water-repellent treatment and coated waterproof film by developed polyester. The field study was conducted for farmers growing apples to evaluate pesticide exposure. In this experiment, we collected data with patch test on the head, chest, back, right upperarm, right forearm, left thigh and left calf. From the results, the developed PPC showed the more excellent comfort than an existing PPC with nylon coated polyurethane. But the developed PPC of water-repellent fabric was penetrated into the PPC. Therefore, we designed the functional pesticide-proof clothes of 2 different developed polyester fabrics(water-repellent treatment in chest, abdomen, the lower of back, waist, and calf; coated waterproof film in head, shoulder, the upper of back, the crotch, hip, upper arm and thigh).