• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.919-925
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• 2018

Objective: The performance, health, and behaviour of cattle can be strongly affected by climate. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat stress on blood parameters, blood proteins (haptoglobin [Hp]; heat shock protein 70 [HSP70]), rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR) and rumination time in Korean native beef calves. Methods: Thirty-two Korean native beef calves were randomly assigned to 8 groups with 4 animals per group. They were kept in environmental condition with temperature-humidity index (THI) ranging from 70.01 to 87.72 in temperature-humidity controlled chamber for 7 days. Results: Their HR, RT, and serum cortisol and HSP70 levels were increased (p<0.05) in high THI compared to those at low THI. But, serum Hp level was decreased (p<0.05) in high THI compared to these at low THI. In addition, HR, RT, serum cortisol and HSP70 were positively correlated with THI ($R^2=0.8368$, p<0.01; $R^2=0.6162$, p<0.01; $R^2=0.581$, p<0.01; $R^2=0.2241$, p = 0.0062, respectively). There was also positive association between HR and cortisol ($R^2=0.4697$, p<0.01). Similarly, RT and cortisol were positively associated ($R^2=0.4581$, p<0.01). But, THI and HR were negatively correlated with Hp ($R^2=0.2157$, p = 0.02; $R^2=0.3362$, p = 0.003). Hematology and metabolites results were different among treatment groups. Standing position was higher (p<0.05) in the high THI group compared to that in the low THI group. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that HR, RT, blood parameters (Cortisol, HSP70, Hp) and standing position are closely associated with heat stress. These parameters can be consolidated to develop THI chart for Korean native beef calves.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2011

기후변화협약 대응을 위해 IPCC 온실가스 인벤토리 가이드라인에 따라 축산분야 온실가스인 $CH_4$, $N_2O$가스의 배출량을 평가하고 배출계수를 산출하여 국가 Database 확보 및 측정기준을 제시하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 돈사 슬러리 피트에 샘플링 챔버를 설치 운영하기 위해 돈분뇨위에 띄울 수 있는 반구형태의 플로팅 챔버(Open chamber method or flow-through steady-state)를 고안 제작하였다. Open chamber method의 특성상 외부의 공기를 일정한 제어를 통해 챔버내로 유입시켜 돈사 슬러리에서 발생된 가스를 희석하고 정상상태의 최적조건에서 발생된 가스의 일정량을 제어하여 포집하는 장치로 시스템을 구성하였다. 돈분뇨 슬러리에서 온실가스 발생 특성상 돈사 내부에 위치에 따라 10개의 챔버를 투입하여 Data의 신뢰성을 갖출 수 있게 하였다. 유입유량을 $5{\sim}9{\ell}/min$, 포집유량을 $1{\ell}/min$으로 변경하면서 포집된 가스를 GC/ECD를 통해 분석하였고 챔버로 유입되는 공기가 슬러리 표면을 직접 접촉하지 않는 방법으로 기구를 구성하고 잉여 공급공기는 챔버 상부를 통해 외부로 배출하는 방법으로 최적조건의 정상상태 온실가스를 샘플링 할 수 있었다. 포집 가스를 GC/ECD 분석결과 $N_2O$ 가스의 배출형태는 대기중의 신선한 공기에 포함된 $N_2O$ 농도와 돈사 10곳의 샘플링 가스 시료의 농도를 볼 때 오차 범위 안의 농도로 슬러리 돈사내 분뇨에서는 $N_2O$의 발생은 없다고 판단된다. $CH_4$ 가스 발생량은 $0.15{\sim}1.02mg/m^2{\cdot}s$로 나타났다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2014

대기 이산화탄소 농도 증가가 상수리나무 잎의 생물계절현상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 상부개방형온실을 이용하여 대기 이산화탄소 농도를 높여 처리하였다. 대기 이산화탄소 처리 농도의 설정은 현재 농도, 현재 농도의 1.4배, 현재 농도의 1.8배 등 3 처리구로 하였고, 온실효과에 대한 검정을 위하여 상부개방형온실 외부에 비교구를 설치하였다. 잎의 생물계절현상은 2013년에 동아 파열, 개엽, 단풍, 낙엽에 대하여 각 생물계절현상이 나타나는 일자와 적산온도를 조사하였고, 2014년에는 봄철 계절현상인 동아 파열과 개엽에 대하여 각가의 일자와 적산온도를 조사하였다. 동아 내의 탄수화물 함량 분석을 위하여 2014년 3월에 각 처리구별로 동아를 채취하여 분석하였다. 봄철의 생물계절현상이 연도간에 차이가 나타났는데, 2013년도에는 동아 파열과 개엽 시기가 이산화탄소 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 빨라지는 것으로 나타났다. 봄철 기온이 높았던 2014년도에는 동아 파열 및 개엽 시기 모두 처리구간에 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 단풍과 낙엽 등 가을철의 생물계절현상은 이산화탄소 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라서 늦어지는 것으로 나타났다. 동아 내의 탄수화물 함량 분석 결과 이산화탄소 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라서 전분, 총 비구조 탄수화물, 총 수용성 당류의 함량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 대기 이산화탄소 농도의 상승은 상수리나무의 개엽을 빠르게 하고 낙엽을 늦추어 전체적인 생육기간을 연장시키게 될 것이다. 봄철의 이른 개엽은 동해피해의 가능성을 높이나, 개엽 시기는 온도에 의한 영향을 크게 받으며, 전년도 이산화탄소 농도 증가에 의하여 동아 내의 전분, 수용성 당 등 탄수화물 함량이 증가되기 때문에 봄철의 동해피해 가능성은 낮을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2018

Background: For understanding and evaluating a more realistic and accurate assessment of ecosystem carbon balance related with environmental change or difference, it is necessary to analyze the various interrelationships between soil respiration and environmental factors. However, the soil temperature is mainly used for gap filling and estimation of soil respiration (Rs) under environmental change. Under the fact that changes in precipitation patterns due to climate change are expected, the effects of soil moisture content (SMC) on soil respiration have not been well studied relative to soil temperature. In this study, we attempt to analyze relationship between precipitation and soil respiration in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest for 2 years in Gwangneung. Results: The average soil temperature (Ts) measured at a depth of 5 cm during the full study period was $12.0^{\circ}C$. The minimum value for monthly Ts was $-0.4^{\circ}C$ in February 2015 and $2.0^{\circ}C$ in January 2016. The maximum monthly Ts was $23.6^{\circ}C$ in August in both years. In 2015, annual precipitation was 823.4 mm and it was 1003.8 mm in 2016. The amount of precipitation increased by 21.9% in 2016 compared to 2015, but in 2015, it rained for 8 days more than in 2016. In 2015, the pattern of low precipitation was continuously shown, and there was a long dry period as well as a period of concentrated precipitation in 2016. 473.7 mm of precipitation, which accounted for about 51.8% of the precipitation during study period, was concentrated during summer (June to August) in 2016. The maximum values of daily Rs in both years were observed on the day when precipitation of 20 mm or more. From this, the maximum Rs value in 2015 was $784.3mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ in July when 26.8 mm of daily precipitation was measured. The maximum was $913.6mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ in August in 2016, when 23.8 mm of daily precipitation was measured. Rs on a rainy day was 1.5~1.6 times higher than it without precipitation. Consequently, the annual Rs in 2016 was about 12% higher than it was in 2015. It was shown a result of a 14% increase in summer precipitation from 2015. Conclusions: In this study, it was concluded that the precipitation pattern has a great effect on soil respiration. We confirmed that short-term but intense precipitation suppressed soil respiration due to a rapid increase in soil moisture, while sustained and adequate precipitation activated Rs. In especially, it is very important role on Rs in potential activating period such as summer high temperature season. Therefore, the accuracy of the calculated values by functional equation can be improved by considering the precipitation in addition to the soil temperature applied as the main factor for long-term prediction of soil respiration. In addition to this, we believe that the accuracy can be further improved by introducing an estimation equation based on seasonal temperature and soil moisture.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.371-381
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• 2012

This study investigates quantitative wear training effects and involved 15 participants from a previous study (part 1) in May to September 2009. Before wear training, the subjects' rectal temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and local sweating were measured for 1 hour in a climate chamber ($39{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $65{\pm}5%RH$, 0.3m/s) to evaluate heat tolerance. Subsequently, the subjects were divided into 3 groups that consisted of 5 participants. Group N (control-group) dressed the participants so that they felt comfortable (or cool). Group W and MW where participants underwent regular wear training for 10 weeks (5 days a week a total of 50 times). The intensity of the wear training for the participants of group MW was stronger than that for group W. A heat-tolerance experiment was performed after wear training. The results were as follows: 1. The participants of groups W and MW felt more comfortable after wear training than before wear training in the case of warmer $T_{cl}$. However, no significant differences were observed before and after wear training for group N. 2. The heat tolerance of the participants of groups W and MW was higher after wear training than before wear training. However, no significant difference was noted in this regard for group N. 3. The results showed the wear training effect (based on quantitative guidelines). The results show that the predicted optimal temperature inside clothing can enhance heat tolerance.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to clarify the floor temperature on the human body and to estimate thermal comfort zone in a heated room. In order to evaluate the effects of floor heating, a series of experiments were carried out using Korean subjects. The following experiments were conducted: 1) to obtain the effective radiation area and configuration factors of the person in the sitting posture on a floor to get the mean radiant temperature, 2) to measure contacted area of the person to the floor to calculate conduction heat rate, 3) to measure convective heat transfer coefficient of the body and 4) to know the thermal comfort zone of indoor environment heated by ON-DOL. Subjects were exposed to the following conditions: combinations of air temperature $20^{\circ}C$, $22.5^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and floor temperature $20^{\circ}C$, $22.5^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $27.5^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $32.5^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, $37.5^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$ under still air and 50% relative humidity in the controllable artificial climate chamber. To evaluate the effect of heat conduction between the body and a floor modified mean skin temperature was defined. Weighting coefficient to calculate mean skin temperature were modified with the contacted area. The experiments revealed a positive correlation between the modified operative temperature and the modified mean skin temperature. The modified mean skin temperature can indicate the effect of heat conduction between body and a floor surface.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

This study tests the performance of the recommended winter dress OnMapsi for an office worker through the analysis of skin temperature changes according to the heating environment. We tested and compared the effects of with/without undergarments for 4 male subjects in an artificial-climate chamber with two air temperatures of $19^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}10%$ R.H. During the 60 minute experiment that simulated office work, the subjective feelings (that included thermal, humidity and comfort sensation, and skin temperature) were measured at equal intervals. The results show that the forehead and chest skin temperatures were not affected by air temperature or clothing type, while the hand and foot skin temperatures were affected at $0.3-0.9^{\circ}C$ depending on clothing type and $1.9-2.2^{\circ}C$ depending on air temperature. The mean skin temperature was decreased by the experimental time pass more with regular formal wear than with OnMapsi. The second experiment located the ambient temperature in which subjects wearing OnMapsi show equal skin temperaturesto those without undergarments at $22^{\circ}C$. Therefore it is possible to decrease heating temperatures to $18-21^{\circ}C$ in the office for winter OnMapsi wear that produces a skin temperature and thermal sensation that is the same as those at $22^{\circ}C$.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1665-1672
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• 2009

This study examines the comfort of outdoorwear by electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) analyses. An experiment that consisted of rest (30 min), exercise (30 min), and recovery (20 min) periods was administered in a climate chamber with 10 healthy male participants. Two kinds of outdoorwear made of 100% cotton fabrics ('Control') and specially engineered fabrics having the feature of quick sweat absorbency and high speed drying fabric ('Functional') are evaluated in the experiment. ECG and EEG signals were obtained during the rest and recovery periods for the two outdoorwear conditions. The ECG analysis identified a smaller decrement of high frequency (HF) power for the 'Functional' when compared with the 'Control' during the recovery period. Next, the EEG analysis showed that the relative band powers of slow $\alpha$ and mid $\alpha$ increased for the 'Functional' while they decreased for the 'Control' and that the ratio of $\alpha$ power to high $\beta$ power was higher for the 'Functional'. The evaluation results indicate that the participants could remain relaxed more with less stress while wearing the functional outdoorwear that demonstrated the positive effects on autonomic nervous system (ANS) activities. The present study is significant in regard that use of ECG and EEG for the assessment of wear comfort is the first in the field of clothing and textile.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.665-672
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and the effects of near infrared lighted garments on thermo-physiological responses in human body. Seven healthy adult men were recruited for this study. All subjects were informed the contents and purpose of this study. The experiment was carried out in a climate chamber of $32^{\circ}C$, 60%RH with 'Rest', 'Exercise' and 'Recovery' period. The experimental garments consisted of briefs, undershirts(sleeveless), nightclothes, T-shirts, knee-trousers and socks. Subjects participated in two experiments, one was wearing near infrared lighted garments(NIR-O), the other was wearing regular garments(NIR-X). The order of experiment was randomized, and subjects wore experimental garments before 24 hours in order to benefit by near infrared light. Measurement items included rectal temperature ($T_{re}$), mean skin temperature ($\bar{T}_{sk}$), sweat rate, heart rate, oxygen uptake and subjective sensation. The results are as follows: As to the variation of rectal temperature and mean skin temperature, value of wearing NIR-X was higher than value of wearing NIR-O, indicating a significant level of difference (p<.001). Sweat rate under NIR-O and NIR-X condition were 575.35 g and 535.75 g, respectively. Heart rate value of NIR-X condition was higher than NIR-O. Oxygen uptake measured during experiment was the higher in NIR-X condition with significant difference (p<.001). In the subjective sensation, the value of NIR-O condition was higher than NIR-X condition without significantly difference.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.993-999
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• 2013

This study aimed to measure the amount of sweating on 12 parts of the upper body using absorption fabric and analyze subjective sensations. The study was conducted with 9 male subjects in climate chamber controled at $30{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$, and $55{\pm}5%$ RH. The result was that sweating amount of the upper back part was significantly more than upper front part. We assumed that forced convection flow cased by exercise decreased the sweating rate in the front. The skin temperature of upper front body rapidly decreased as soon as exercise starts and gradually increased with cessation of exercise. On the other hand, the skin temperature of palm increased with exercise and showed continuous increasing even exercise stopping all the experimental period. This is caused by thermoregulatory responses through vasodilatation on the peripheral area. Subjective sensations, such as thermal sensation, wet sensation, and thermal comfort showed the highest score at the time of exercise stop. This means the subjects felt more hot, wet, and uncomfortable after exercise stopped. Bur after wiping of sweat, subjective sensation scores were recovered rapidly. The present study has provided more detailed information on the upper body sweat distribution than previously available, which can be used in clothing design, thermo-physiological modeling, and thermal manikin design. We also think that results of the present study will play an important role in making the sweat distribution map.