• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.843-852
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• 2011

Objectives : The aims of the study were to examine perceived oral malodor and self-reported need for oral and dental care among patients receiving oral prophylaxis services and provide guidelines for developing educational programs(toothbrushing method and tongue cleaning) for oral hygiene and oral malodor prevention. Methods : The survey was administered to a sample of 462 receiving voluntary oral prophylaxis service in a dental laboratory at the J School of Public Health in Korea. The subjects were asked a range of questions related to the degrees of perceived oral malodor and concern for oral health status, as well as their demographic information and need for oral and dental treatment. Univariate analyses using Chi-square and T-test with a P-value of .05 were performed using SPSS Version 12.0 for Windows. Results : 1. Male participants reported "moderately concerned for bad breath and smell" and "I don't care bad breath and smell" 39.1% and 26.2% respectively, while more female participants were concerned for oral malodor. "moderately concerned for malodor" and" highly concerned for malodor" 41.1% and 28.5%(p<.05). a significant difference among age groups was found. 19% of young adults (less than or equal to 29 years of age) reported "highly concerned for bad breath and smell" while 36.4% of older adults (greater than or equal to 50 years of age) reported "highly concerned for bad breath and smell"(p<.05). 2. 12 non-smoking participants (3.7%) and 15 smoking participants (10.8%) reported that they have perceived bad breadth and smell (p<.05). 3. Smoking participants reported a higher degree of need for oral malodor treatment than that of non-smoking participants 88.5% and 82% respectively(p<.05). 4. The participants who did regular toothbrushing more than 3 times a day reported "no malodor", 77 % as compared to 66.7% of the participants who did regular toothbrushing 2 times a day. Toothbrushing 2 times a day reported either "moderate malodor" or "sever malodor"(p<.01). Participants with more frequent toothbrushing reported less oral and breath odor as compared participants with less frequent toothbrushing. Conclusions : The study suggested that there is a need to oral prophylaxis for prevention and toothbrushing and tongue cleaning method oral malodor care and oral health status.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.335-348
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• 2015

Objectives: We aimed to assess the risk of metabolic syndrome one year after the 2007 Hebei Spirit oil spill in Taean, Korea among people exposed to spilt oil during clean-up work. Methods: A total of 6,923 adults, including 3,019 males and 3,904 females, participated in the study. Health examinations and blood tests (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, fasting blood sugar) were performed. A logistic regression model adjusting for age, gender, smoking history, drinking history, income, education, and marital status was used to estimate the risk of metabolic syndrome associated with the level of oil spill exposure. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 24.9% among males and 18% among females. Compared with people living within 20 km of the coastline, the risk of metabolic syndrome among people living within 0.8 km of the coastline was significantly higher (male OR=1.696, 95% CI=1.320-2.178, female OR=1.992, 95% CI=1.549-2.561), including a significant dose-response relationship for distance from early contaminate coastline (p<0.001). The risk of metabolic syndrome was higher according to the increase of duration of cleaning work. The risk of metabolic syndrome among people who participated in the clean-up work for more than 116 days, compared with people who participated in the cleaning work for or less 14 days, was significantly higher (male OR=1.845, 95% CI=1.448-2.353, female OR=1.752, CI=1.378-2.228), with a significant dose-response relationship for days of clean-up work (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that there is a significant association between exposure to the oil spill during the clean-up work, distance from early contaminate coastline and the risk of metabolic syndrome in a doseresponse manner.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.495-503
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to compare the characteristics of humidifier disinfectant-like products (HD-like products) and humidifier disinfectant products (HD products) and introduce actual cases of the usage of HD-like products in hospitals based on an on-site investigation. Methods: The characteristics, chemical components, and usage of HD-like products (Hichlor or Biospot) and HD products (N-with) containing NaDCC (sodium dichloroisocyanurate) were compared. In the process of conducting the on-site investigation, four hospitals were identified as previously using HD-like products. Each on-site investigation to identify the use of HD-like products was composed of four parts: 1) hospital infection control guidelines, 2) manual for humidifiers in patient's rooms, 3) interviews with nursing staff, infection managers, and purchase managers, 4) searching on the product purchase system. Results: Although HD-like products (Hichlor and Biospot) and HD products (N-with) were sold for different usage purposes, they were all white-colored and coin-shaped foaming tablets with the same chemical component, NaDCC. The manual for using HD-like products and HD products was similar (inserting the tablet in a humidifier container with water). Among the four hospitals, one had used Hichlor in the same manner as HD (N-with) by inserting a tablet in 1L of water in a filled humidifier container and Biospot as a kind of detergent for humidifier container cleaning. Another two hospitals had used Biospot and/or Aniosyme as a kind of detergent for humidifier container cleaning. The other hospital had used unknown product in the same manner as N-with, so we thus assumed it was either an HD products (N-with) or HD-like products (Hichlor, Biospot). Conclusion: This study raises the possibility of the development of adverse health effects similar to exposure to an HD-products when exposed to an HD-like products and the possibility of further use in other medical institutions or multi-use facilities. Therefore, an expansion of the investigation is needed in order to confirm whether there have been similar cases in the past.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2000

대학 급식 시설의 미생물적 위생상태를 평가하기 위해서 도마, 칼, 식판 그리고 행주에 대하여 ATP bioluminescence와 표준평판 균수를 측정 비교하여 분석, 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 도마, 칼, 식판 그리고 행주에 대한 표준평판 균수의 허용기준으로 1 $\textrm{cm}^2$당 40을 기준으로 하고 ATP bioluminescence는 800 RLU을 허용기준으로 하여 만족 할만한 수준과 시정할 수준으로 구분하여 위생상태를 평가하였을 때 ATP bioluminescence 측정값과 표준평판 균수 측정값은 84.7%의 일치도를 보였다. 2) 사용 전 도마, 칼, 식판, 및 행주의 ATP bioluminescence 측정값과 표준평판 균수 측정값의 일치도는 91.7%, 사용 중 두 값의 일치도는 75%. 그리고 세척ㆍ소독 후의 두값의 일치도는 87.5%로 사용 전의 일치도가 가장 높았고 사용 중의 일치도가 가장 낮았다. 3) ATP bioluminescence 측정과 표준 평판 균수 측정으로 얻어진 결과에서 사용 전 도마, 칼, 식판, 및 행주의 87.5%가 허용기준 이하이고, 사용 중 도마, 칼, 식판, 및 행주의 29.2%만이 허용기준 이하이며, 세척ㆍ소독 후 도마, 칼, 식판, 및 행주의 42.7%가 허용기준 이하로 사용전의 위생상태가 가장 양호하며 사용 중인 경우 위생상태가 가장 불량하여 즉각적인 조치가 필요하다. 4) 사용 전 도마, 칼, 식판, 행주 4종류의 표준평판 균수가 허용기준 이하 검출된 대학 급식 시설은 3곳이며, 사용 중 4종류의 표준평판 균수가 허용기준 이하 검출된 곳은 없었고 세척ㆍ소독 후 4종류의 표준평판 균수가 허용기준 이하 검출된 곳도 없었다. 5) 도마, 칼, 식판, 및 행주의 용도별 분리사용은 거의 이루어지고 있지 않고 있다. 특히 칼과 도마는 교차오염의 가능성이 크므로 용도에 따라 구분하여 분리 사용이 필요하며 소독방법 및 횟수에서 행주의 소독이 가장 잘 이루어지고 있으며 도마의 소독이 가장 미흡하게 나타나고 있다. 사용 중 도마, 칼, 행주에 대한 즉각적인 조치와 분리 사용이 필요하며 칼, 도마, 행주에 대한 적절한 소독 방법이 강구되어야 한다고 사려된다. 결론적으로 ATP bioluminescence 측정값은 표준평판균수 측정값과 높은 일치도를 보여 급식 분야의 미생물 품질관리 평가에 ATP bioluminescence 측정의 이용 가능성이 높게 나타나고 있으며 실제로 HACCP system에 적용하기 위하여 보다 지속적인 연구가 필요하다고 사려된다.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2010

목적: 안경용 초음파세척기를 이용하여 소프트콘택트렌즈의 단백질 침전물 세척 효과와 콘택트렌즈의 변수에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 방법: 단백질을 오염시킨 etafilcon A 재질의 소프트콘택트렌즈를 다목적용액에 넣어 안경용 초음파세척기와 콘택트렌즈용 초음파세척기를 사용하여 세척하고 대조군의 콘택트렌즈는 다목적용액으로 세척한 후 콘택트렌즈에 남아있는 단백질을 추출하여 정량하였고 콘택트렌즈의 전체지름, 베이스커브, 중심두께, 도수 및 함수율의 변화를 측정하였으며 주사전자현미경(scanning electron microscope)으로 콘택트렌즈 표면을 관찰하였다. 결과: 단백질을 오염시킨 etafilcon A 재질의 콘택트렌즈는 다목적용액에 의해 6.08%의 세척효과를 보였고, 다목적용액에 콘택트렌즈를 넣고 초음파세척기로 세척한 경우에는 시간에 따라 안경용 초음파세척기에서는 23.73~33.92%, 콘택트렌즈용 초음파세척기에서는 0~12.99%의 세척효과를 보였다. 결론: 안경용 초음파세척기로 세척한 콘택트렌즈에서 변수 및 표면 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: 안경원에서 사용하는 안경용 초음파세척기는 소프트콘택트렌즈의 단백질 침전물 제거에 효과적이고 변수 변화를 유발하지 않아 안경원에서 진단용 소프트렌즈의 세척에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2008

문제제기 : 2007년 4월 '노인장기요양보험법'이 국회를 통과하였고 노인수발행위에 치과의사의 참여가 확정되어 2008년 7월부터 법이 시행되면서, 고령화가 급속이 진행되고 있는 한국사회에서 치과분야가 담당해야 할 역할은 커질 수밖에 없다. 목적 : 본 논문은 한국의 두 노인시설에 대한 설문조사를 바탕으로 일본의 노인요양보험법과 비교를 통해 앞으로 시행되는 노인장기요양법의 구강위생서비스의 역할 및 방향을 수립하는데 기여하고자 한다. 연구재료 및 방법 : 2005년 한국의 두 노인요양시설에서 책임 있는 직무자 또는 실제 간호의 내용을 파악하고 있는 분을 대상으로 15개 항목의 설문조사를 시행하였다. 결과 : 두 시설 모두 각각의 특징을 살려 매우 기능을 잘 하고 있었으나, 구강위생 및 이에 대한 직원의 인지도는 낮았으며 정기적인 진료나 관리는 소홀했다. 고찰 : 일본에서는 2000년 노인요양보험이 도입 후 체계화된 방법론을 기초로 시행되고 있다. 현재 '노인장기요양' 법안에 치과의사 참여가 보장된 것과 관련하여 앞으로 치과의사의 적극적인 참여가 필요하고, 시설 및 재택 방문 진료가 가능하도록 하는 법정비용을 통해 치과분야의 진료영역을 넓힐 수 있는 움직임이 필요하다고 볼 수 있다.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.215-225
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• 2022

Background/Aims: The Thai Association for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy published recommendations on safe endoscopy during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to assess the practicality and applicability of the recommendations and the perceptions of endoscopy personnel on them. Methods: A validated questionnaire was sent to 1290 endoscopy personnel globally. Of these, the data of all 330 responders (25.6%) from 15 countries, related to the current recommendations on proper personal protective equipment (PPE), case selection, scope cleaning, and safety perception, were analyzed. Ordinal logistic regression was used to determine the relationships between the variables. Results: Despite an overwhelming agreement with the recommendations on PPE (94.5%) and case selection (95.5%), their practicality and applicability on PPE recommendations and case selection were significantly lower (p=0.001, p=0.047, p<0.001, and p=0.032, respectively). Factors that were associated with lower sense of safety in endoscopy units were younger age (p=0.004), less working experience (p=0.008), in-training status (p=0.04), and higher national prevalence of COVID-19 (p=0.003). High prevalent countries also had more difficulty implementing the guidelines (p<0.001) and they considered the PPE recommendations less practical and showed lower agreement with them (p<0.001 and p=0.008, respectively). A higher number of in-hospital COVID-19 patients was associated with less agreement with PPE recommendations (p=0.039). Conclusions: Using appropriate PPE and case selection in endoscopic practice during a pandemic remains a challenge. Resource availability and local prevalence are critical factors influencing the adoption of the current guidelines.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

Most of the herb residue producing from oriental medical clinics(OMC) and hospitals(OMH) is wasted in Korea. To develop of adsorbent for removing heavy metal from wastewater, the various pre-treatment methods of the herb residue were evaluated by potentiometric titration, Freundlich isotherm adsorption test and the kinetic adsorption test. The herb residue was pre-treated for increasing the adsorption capacity by cleaning with distilled water, 0.1 N HCl and 0.1 N NaOH and by heating at $370^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. It showed a typical weak acid-weak base titration curve and a short pH break like commercial activated carbon during photentiometric titration of pre-treated herb residue. The log-log plots in the Freundlich isotherm test were linear on the herb residue pre-treated with NaOH or HCl like commercial activated carbon. The adsorption capacity(qe) in the Freundlich isotherm test for $Cr^{6+}$ was 1.5 times higher in the pre-treated herb residue with HCl than in activated carbon. On the other hand the herb residue pre-treated with NaOH showed the good adsorption capacities for $Pb^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Cd^{2+}$ even though those adsorption capacities were lower than that of activated carbon. In kinetic test, most of heavy metals removed within the first 10 min of contact and then approached to equilibrium with increasing contact time. The removal rate of heavy metals increased with an increase of the amount of adsorbent. Likewise, the removal rates of heavy metals were higher in the herb residue pre-treated with NaOH than in that pre-treated with HCl. The adsorption preference of herb residues pre-treated with NaOH or HCl was $Pb^{2+}>Cu^{2+}$ or $Cd^{2+}>Cr^{6+}$ in the order. Conclusively, the herb residue can be used as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals depending on pr-treatment methods.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.743-750
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• 2015

Objectives: This study compared the mechanical efficacy of sonic activated and passive ultrasonic irrigation for removing intracanal medicament from a simulated root canal under controlled conditions. Materials and Methods: Thirty simulated root canal in resin blocks were randomly divided into 3-groups. The canals were enlarged using ProTaper files and K3XF (#30/0.06). After cleaning and drying, canals were filled with Calcipex. Overfilled materials were wiped out and measured their weight to the unit of 1/10mg. After one week storage in 100% humidity $37^{\circ}C$ temperature, canals were irrigated using 20mL of saline with one of following methods according to the designated groups (n = 10). For group-NI, 30-gauge nickel-titanium irrigation needle was used. During irrigation with every 5mL, needle was moved in-and-out with 4-mm amplitudes. EndoActivator and ultrasonic tip were used for group-EA and group-UT respectively for 20 seconds after every 5mL irrigation using needle. Then the weight was measured again to calculate the weight of residual remnants. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test at a significance level of 95%. Results: The weight of the residual medicaments were $3.62{\pm}0.81mg$, $2.84{\pm}0.28mg$, and $2.73{\pm}0.90mg$ for group-NI, -EA, and -UT, respectively. Group-EA and group-UT had no significant differences to remove intracanal medicament and left significantly less amount of paste than group-NI (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Under the controlled conditions of this study, the sonic activation and PUI have similar mechanical efficacy for removing intracanal medicament.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.236-247
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• 2002

In spite of the bad conditions of fashion companies: the number of licit wear consumers in Korea are increasing because knit wear gives a body with an comfort action. Domestic knit wear industry, however, doesn't have any standard fur satisfying consumers'needs and for quality estimation on that. So we examined the knit wearers'conception of the quality to broaden the knowledge of knit wear and produce better products. The purpose of this study was to find out the factors of wearer's perception. This study carried out through a qualitative approach. The subject of this study were 17 single women who were 20's and living in Seoul and Kyoungki province. The item of this questionary was as follow: 1) what they know about knit wear and how much they are satisfied with that 2) what the wearers think the problems of knit wear are 3) how knitted wear industry can satisfy consumers's needs and take into account consumer feedback in product development The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. The wearers had no knowledge about materials, sewing methods, patterns, knitting methods, and gage. 2 The wearers didn't recognize the differences between the products by famous brand and obscure conventional market. For that reason, the high price knit wear wont satisfy wearer. 3. The wearers didn't prefer the revealing their body shapes. 4. Laundering was the big problem which was they chosen the knit wear. They take it for granted that the knit wear needs dry-cleaning or hand-washing. Knit wear industry tries to make it easy laundering by development knit material.