• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.1 s.39
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• pp.113-125
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of perception of body size on actual clothing style in middle school girls. To achieve this, this study analyzed self-perception of body size, aspired clothing style, and actual clothing style. By classifying groups into thin and thick, the difference in clothing style according to groups was also analyzed. Subjects of this study were middle school girls in Gwangju and 219 responses were collected from real body measurement and questionnaires. WIN SPSS+10.0 package was used to obtain results. Results are as follows: 1. For the self-perception of body size, middle school girls perceived much thicker in the lower body than the upper body. And they were unsatisfactory about the lower body which was perceived thick. 2. In the correlation of actual and aspired clothing style of middle school girls, they wore a aspired clothing style actually. Their actual or aspired upper clothing style was to cover the skin, exposing or covering a body silhouette. Their lower clothing style was a slacks type that covers a body silhouette and the skin. 3. In selecting actual clothing styles, middle school girls were somewhat affected by self-perceived body size. But they did not prefer the clothing styles perceived thick in girth or big in width in exposing the skin or a body silhouette. On the other hand, as it was perceived long, wearing was increased. frequently wore the upper and lower clothing styles of exposing the skin or a body silhouette than the thick group. But both groups wore the clothing styles of covering the skin or a body silhouette regardless of their thinness and thickness. And when wearing the clothing style of exposing neck and shoulder, middle school girls considered actual body size more than self-perceived size. On the other hand, when wearing the clothing style of exposing arms and silhouette by fitted legs, they considered self-perceived body size more.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.107-142
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• 2012

An aircraft has been one of the most important transportation means and disputes due to damage caused by delay of the aircraft happen many times out of ones related to the air transport. In 2011, the Air Transport Act in Commercial Law was established to regulate national air transport and the legislative system of air carrier's liability to handle delay of passengers or baggage was legislated here. Although there are some clauses related to the legislative system of air carrier's liability, they are very important because they deal with disputes due to damage caused by delay of the aircraft. The Air Transport Act in Commercial Law has a good point of adopting the global standard of 1999 Montreal Convention, but it has also a bad point of having the problems of 1999 Montreal Convention. There are some contents to be modified in the Air Transport Act in Commercial Law. First, the definition of 'Delay of Aircraft' needs to be enacted because it is important to materialize air carrier's liability due to damage caused by delay. Second, it is necessary to modify the clause in which air carrier's liability due to damage caused by delay of passengers is divided into two things, one is in case of national air transport and the other is in case of international air transport, and the limited amount of air carrier's liability in national air transport is eight times less than the latter because they are not so helpful to air carriers but too disadvantageous to aircraft passengers. Third, it is also necessary to amend the clause in which the limited amount of air carrier's liability due to damage caused by loss damage or delay of baggage has been legislated same without classifying the case into loss damage and delay, because they are generally different from each other in terms of extent of damage, therefore the limited amount of air carrier's liability by delay of baggage should be classified into in case of loss damage and in case of delay. It is desired that the Air Transport Act in Commercial Law including the clauses related to air carrier's liability by aircraft damage be developed continually by sufficient study and discussion about the necessity of amending it such as the one mentioned above.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.173-185
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• 2015

This study aims to investigate the characteristics and types of car accidents and establish a prediction model by analyzing 456 car accidents having occurred in the 11 tunnels in Busan, through statistical analysis techniques. The results of this study can be summarized as below. As a result of analyzing the characteristics of car accidents, it was found that 64.9% of all the car accidents took place in the tunnels between 08:00 and 18:00, which was higher than 45.8 to 46.1% of the car accidents in common roads. As a result of analyzing the types of car accidents, the car-to-car accident type was the majority, and the sole-car accident type in the tunnels was relatively high, compared to that in common roads. Besides, people at the age between 21 and 40 were most involved in car accidents, and in the vehicle type of the first party to car accidents, trucks showed a high proportion, and in the cloud cover, rainy days or cloudy days showed a high proportion unlike clear days. As a result of analyzing the principal components of car accident influence factors, it was found that the first principal components were road, tunnel structure and traffic flow-related factors, the second principal components lighting facility and road structure-related factors, the third principal factors stand-by and lighting facility-related factors, the fourth principal components human and time series-related factors, the fifth principal components human-related factors, the sixth principal components vehicle and traffic flow-related factors, and the seventh principal components meteorological factors. As a result of classifying car accident spots, there were 5 optimized groups classified, and as a result of analyzing each group based on Quantification Theory Type I, it was found that the first group showed low explanation power for the prediction model, while the fourth group showed a middle explanation power and the second, third and fifth groups showed high explanation power for the prediction model. Out of all the items(principal components) over 0.2(a weak correlation) in the partial correlation coefficient absolute value of the prediction model, this study analyzed variables including road environment variables. As a result, main examination items were summarized as proper traffic flow processing, cross-section composition(the width of a road), tunnel structure(the length of a tunnel), the lineal of a road, ventilation facilities and lighting facilities.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2011

This study obtained DMFT index(9271 people) in population with more than 6 years old based on data of 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and calculated SiC index(2,517 people) by classifying group with high risk, which is 1/3 in high rank out of it. The aim was to confirm existence of the group with high risk of dental caries, and was to emphasize necessity of preventive strategy for the group with high risk. Statistical analysis was carried out t-test by using STATA 11.0 program. 1. DMFT index accounted for 45.0%(4,174 people) for men and 55.0%(5,097 people) for women. SiC index stood at 2,517 people. Men accounted for 36.3%(914 people). Thus, women were larger with 64.7%(1,603 people). 2. Seeing the mean in DMFT index and SiC index, the more rise in age led to the bigger difference in the mean between two groups. Especially, the difference was shown more than 4 points on the average for 13 and 14 years old and more than double on the average from over 15 years. 3. As a result of comparing gender, DMFT index was higher in women than men from over 14 years old. SiC index wasn't significant. However, women were indicated to be 1 piece more than men at the age of 9 and 14. 4. As a result of comparing by region, both DMFT index and SiC index were indicated to be higher in the rural area for their over 60s. Seeing the above results, the group with high risk is showing the higher rate of experiencing dental caries than DMFT-index in the whole. Thus, the comprehensively & intensively preventive management seems to be likely needed on group with high risk.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.203-212
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• 2013

The tooth morphology and qualitative mineral contents on enamel surface using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, (EDX) were examined in the white-toothed shrew (genus Crocidura ) Crocidura lasiura and C. suaveolens and the red-toothed shrew (genus Sorex) Sorex caecutiens. In the case of C. lasiura and C. suaveolens, dental formula was found I 3/1 C1/1 P1/1 M3/3=28. The upper 1st and 2nd molars had an unequal W-shape formed by 5 cusps on the crown. The 3rd molar was found one-third the size of those of 1st and 2nd molars. The upper 1st incisor had two different sized hook-shapes and the lower 1st incisor was even. In the case of S. caecutiens, dental formula was found to be I3/1 C1/1 P3/1 M3/3=32. The upper 1st and 2nd molars had an equal W-shape on crown. The upper 3rd molar was half the size of those of the other molars. The upper 1st incisor possessed two similar sized hook-shapes and the lower 1st incisor had an uneven and serrated form. A comparison with the dental and cranial measurements revealed C. lasiura to be the largest of the three species (p<0.001) and C. suaveolens and S. caecutiens were similar in size (p>0.05). A qualitative analysis of mineral contents on enamel surface of the lower 1st incisor and lower 1st molar using EDX revealed C, O, P, Ca and Cu in all specimens and Pb was detected in several enamel specimens. No significant differences in the mineral contents (% weight) were observed among the three species (p>0.05). Fe was only detected on enamel surface of S. caecutiens with red pigmented teeth. Therefore, Fe is responsible for the red tip of the teeth. These results suggest that tooth morphological characteristics including the color of the tooth tip might be used as the key classifying species belonging to Crocidura and Sorex.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.4 s.93
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• pp.241-255
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate horizontal and vertical characteristics according to lateral cephalometry of adult Korean skeletal Class II patients using a selected horizontal and vortical reference planes of Koreans. 60 males and 60 females consisting of freshman of Yonsei University from 1996 to 1997 and patients with history of orthognatic surgery at the Dental Hospital of Yonsei University with a skeletal Class II profile were chosen and compared with 70 males and 70 females with normal occlusion. The skeletal Class R group had the following conditions : 1. Profile composed of a retrognathic mandible or protrusive maxilla; 2. Class II molar and canine key; 3. ANB-greater than $4^{\circ}; 4$. Wits appraisal-greater than 1.0mm; Cephalometric analysis consisted of 22 skeletal, 25 soft tissue, 12 dental measurements. The results were as follows. 1. There was no considerable vortical measurement difference between the skeletal Class II malocclusion group and the normal occlusion group in skeletal analysis. But, some variations were found between the two groups in soft tissue analysis. 2. Mandibular length of the skeletal Class II malocclusion group was smaller than that of the normal occlusion group. Mandible was more posteriorly positioned in the Class II malocclusion group than in the normal occlusion group. 3. The length and antero-posterior position of the maxilla were not different between the Class II malocclusion and the normal occlusion group. 4. The antero-posterior position of the nose, upper lip and maxillary soft tissue, and nasolabial angle were not different between the two groups. 5. Mandibular soft tissue of the Class H malocclusion group was more posteriorly positioned than that of the normal. 6. The vertical measurements of the incisors(U1-HP, L1-HP) were bigger in the Class II malocclusion group than in the normal, but those of the molars(U6-HP, U6-MP) showed no significant difference between the two groups. 7 Classifying the skeletal Class II malocclusion group according to the antero-posterior position of both jaws, normally positioned maxilla and retruded mandible was 43.3%, both normally positioned maxilla and mandible 28.3%, both retruded maxilla and mandible 20.0%..

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 1983

For the flexible and rational distribution of limited existing health resources based on measurements of individual risk, the socalled Risk Approach is being proposed by the World Health Organization as a managerial tool in maternal and child health care program. This approach, in principle, puts us under the necessity of developing a technique by which we will be able to measure the degree of risk or to discriminate the future outcomes of pregnancy on the basis of prior information obtainable at prenatal care delivery settings. Numerous recent studies have focussed on the identification of relevant risk factors as the Prior infer mation and on defining the adverse outcomes of pregnancy to be dicriminated, and also have tried on how to develope scoring system of risk factors for the quantitative assessment of the factors as the determinant of pregnancy outcomes. Once the scoring system is established the technique of classifying the patients into with normal and with adverse outcomes will be easily de veloped. The scoring system should be developed to meet the following four basic requirements. 1) Easy to construct 2) Easy to use 3) To be theoretically sound 4) To be valid In searching for a feasible methodology which will meet these requirements, the author has attempted to apply the“Likelihood Method”, one of the well known principles in statistical analysis, to develop such scoring system according to the process as follows. Step 1. Classify the patients into four groups: Group $A_1$: With adverse outcomes on fetal (neonatal) side only. Group $A_2$: With adverse outcomes on maternal side only. Group $A_3$: With adverse outcome on both maternal and fetal (neonatal) sides. Group B: With normal outcomes. Step 2. Construct the marginal tabulation on the distribution of risk factors for each group. Step 3. For the calculation of risk score, take logarithmic transformation of relative proport-ions of the distribution and round them off to integers. Step 4. Test the validity of the score chart. h total of 2, 282 maternity records registered during the period of January 1, 1982-December 31, 1982 at Ewha Womans University Hospital were used for this study and the“Questionnaire for Maternity Record for Prenatal and Intrapartum High Risk Screening”developed by the Korean Institute for Population and Health was used to rearrange the information on the records into an easy analytic form. The findings of the study are summarized as follows. 1) The risk score chart constructed on the basis of“Likelihood Method”ispresented in Table 4 in the main text. 2) From the analysis of the risk score chart it was observed that a total of 24 risk factors could be identified as having significant predicting power for the discrimination of pregnancy outcomes into four groups as defined above. They are: (1) age (2) marital status (3) age at first pregnancy (4) medical insurance (5) number of pregnancies (6) history of Cesarean sections (7). number of living child (8) history of premature infants (9) history of over weighted new born (10) history of congenital anomalies (11) history of multiple pregnancies (12) history of abnormal presentation (13) history of obstetric abnormalities (14) past illness (15) hemoglobin level (16) blood pressure (17) heart status (18) general appearance (19) edema status (20) result of abdominal examination (21) cervix status (22) pelvis status (23) chief complaints (24) Reasons for examination 3) The validity of the score chart turned out to be as follows: a) Sensitivity: Group $A_1$: 0.75 Group $A_2$: 0.78 Group $A_3$: 0.92 All combined : 0.85 b) Specificity : 0.68 4) The diagnosabilities of the“score chart”for a set of hypothetical prevalence of adverse outcomes were calculated as follows (the sensitivity“for all combined”was used). Hypothetidal Prevalence : 5％ 10％ 20％ 30％ 40％ 50％ 60％ Diagnosability : 12% 23% 40% 53% 64% 75% 80%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2018

Chicken feathers could be classified into early-feathering (EF) and late-feathering (LF) depending on the development and patterns of the wing and tail feathers. Currently, feather-sexing is a widely used chick sexing method in the industry. This study was carried out to suggest the method of classifying of EF and LF chicks to establish auto-sexing Korean native chicken (KNC) strains. The development and morphology of wing feathers and tail feathers in 856 KNCs from hatching to 55-days old were analyzed to classify EF and LF chicks. We also performed PCR analysis using K-specific gene primers to confirm the agreement between the phenotypes and genotypes of EF and LF chickens. In the results, the EF chicks had long primaries and coverts, and there was a significant difference in length between primaries and coverts. The LF chicks had shorter primaries and coverts than the EF chicks, and showed little difference in the length between primaries and coverts. LF chicks could be classified into four groups: LF-Less, LF-Scant, LF-Equal and LF-Reverse according to their wing feather patterns. EF chicks had 1.5 times longer primaries than LF chicks until they were 15-days old, but the lengths were almost the same at 50-days old. The tail feathers of the EF chicks were apparent at 5-days old, but those of the LF chicks were short and indefinite at that time. When EF and LF chicks were classified by the length of primaries being more or less than 9 mm, the classification accuracies for EF and LF chicks were 96.2% and 85.4%, respectively, compared to the PCR results. In conclusion, juvenile EF and LF KNC showed distinct differences in feather development and morphology, and could be easily distinguished at one day-old.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.232-246
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to contribute to clinical researches on neck pain and cervical spondylosis by reviewing the latest research trends and evaluation tools through the analyses of clinical studies on neck pain and cervical spondylosis over the last 5 years. 70 papers satisfying the selection conditions among the RCT papers that had been searched as "neck pain" or "cervical spondylosis" at Pubmed(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) from March 2011 to February 2016 were targeted. Papers were numbered in order of their publication dates and analyzed by classifying their contents into 1) pain classification, 2) treatment type, 3) treatment duration, 4) treatment time, 5) number of participants, 6) evaluation tools and methods of research, and 7) evaluation duration. 55 papers targeted chronic neck pain, 6 papers acute and subacute neck pain, and 2 papers subacute and chronic neck pain. In comparison by intervention, 43 papers corresponded to physical therapy, 3 papers to acupuncture, 1 to herbal fomentation, 5 to medication, and 18 papers corresponded to multilateral comparisons comparing the efficacy by various interventions. In research period, there were 50 papers based on treatment period, 16 papers based on the number of treatments, and 4 papers based on different periods depending on each group. In treatment duration, the cases from 1 month or more to less than 3 months were most, followed by the cases of less than 1 month, and the cases from 3 months or more to less than 6 months. In treatment frequency, the number of treatments of the treatment group was the same as that of the control group in 51 papers, and many treatments were conducted by the methods of acupuncture, manual therapy, and injection therapy in cases of once or twice of treatments, and physical therapy and electroacupuncture corresponded mainly to the cases from 3 times or more to less than 10 times of treatments, and retrospective observation and exercise programs corresponded mainly to the cases of more than 30 times of treatments. In the number of subjects of the researches, the cases from 50 or more to less than 100 were most, followed by the cases from 20 or more to less than 50. There were 7 evaluation tools cited 10 times or more: VAS, NRS, PPT, NDI, NPQ, CROM, and SF-36. In evaluation period, 37 papers evaluated only during the treatment period, and 33 papers conducted follow-up. In follow-up period, the cases of less than 3 months were most, followed by the cases from 6 months or more to less than 1 year, and the cases from 3 months or more to less than 6 months. When planning clinical researches on cervical pain in the future, appropriate intervention methods, frequency and duration of treatment, period of follow-up, appropriate number of subjects and selection of evaluation tools for objective validity will have to be considered. In addition, randomization, double-blind, etc. will have to be considered for researches with high basis level.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.9
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• pp.73-93
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• 2000

Shanghanlun principally dealt with the differentiation of 'The six channels'(Taiyang, Yangming, Shaoyang, Tayin, Shaoyin, Jueyin), summing up such rich experiences as diagnoses and remedies about an acute fever before the Han dynasty, and establishing the basis of the differentiation of symptoms and signs based on prescriptions. And making it a principle to think of both pulse and symptoms important, it made a more organic method of diagnoses which compounded a reason, ncle, prescriptions and drugs, and considerably contributed to the development of Diagnostics. Therefore, as a result of classifying the contents concerned with the differentiation of Shanghanlun through the pulse symptoms, which is a way of research about the field of pulse feeling, it provided us with somewhat knowledge. 1. The pulse symptoms corresponds with the latter classification on the pulse symptoms. That is why, it seems, the traditional concept, which regarded the pulse and the symptoms as the basis of the differentiation and established the principle of the differentiation of symptoms and signs based on prescriptions, largely has an effect on the establishment of the latter pulse science. 2. The contents concerned with the pulse symptoms, including general principles and dicoction symptoms of each chapter, mounted up to 38%, and so the pulse symptoms informed that the pulse symptoms was the grounds of transformation and development, mechanism of differentiation of syndromes, advance or retreat of pathologic factors and application of drugs of each course of Shanghanlun. 3. Of pulse syndromes, there appeared Floating pulse most, and in addition there were also the high frequency of Yin pulse like Indistinctive pulse, Tense pulse, Deep pulse, and so on. 4. Any regularity between the pulse syndrome and the abdominal syndrome cannot be found.