• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.106-114
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• 2019

Background: It is difficult to assess whether community-dwelling frail older adults may remain pre-frail status or improve into a robust state without being directly checked by health care professionals. The health information perceived by older adults is considered to be one of best sources of potential concerns in older adult population. An online measurement system combined with item response theory (IRT) and computer adaptive testing (CAT) methods is likely to become a realistic approach to remotely monitor physical activity status of frail older adults. Objects: This article suggests an approach to provide a precise and efficient means of measuring physical activity levels of community-dwelling frail older adults. Methods: Article reviews were reviewed and summarized. Results: In comparison to the classical test theory (CTT), the IRT method is empirically aimed to focus on the psychometric properties of individual test items in lieu of the test as a whole. These properties allow creating a large item pool that can capture the broad range of physical activity levels. The CAT method administers test items by an algorithm that select items matched to the physical activity levels of the older adults. Conclusion: An online measurement system combined with these two methods would allow adequate physical activity measurement that may be useful to remotely monitor the activity level of community-dwelling frail older adults.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2019

Transnational exchange has been an inseparable part of both the ancient and modern Silk Road. This paper shows how Rumi (1207-1273), a famous Persian Sufi poet, travels along the Silk Road in the $21^{st}$ century. With the birth of a Rumi phenomenon in the West, Silk Road artists have rediscovered and adapted him for different purposes. Elif Shafak, the Turkish-British novelist and women's rights activist, espouses feminist beliefs in her bestseller, The Forty Rules of Love (2010). Benefiting from the views of feminist theorists like Woolf, de Beauvoir and Friedan, this paper reveals how Shafak appropriates Rumi for her feminist purposes. Forty Rules of Love's protagonist, Ella Rubinstein is analyzed, compared and contrasted with her former literary counterparts Pinhan and Zeliha, heroines of Shafak's previous novels. By adapting Rumi's definition of equality, Shafak shows how egalitarianism must pervade the relationship between women and men. The adaptation of Rumi's ideas regarding the equality of sexes finds a different dimension when Shafak reveals that all humanity possesses femininity and masculinity at the same time. By means of ideas prevalent in the ancient Silk Road, the five classical elements theory, and the yin and yang principle, Shafak portrays unity within contradictions. It is concluded that although individuals might belong to different typologies of the five symbolic elements of nature, they can at the same time complement one another's inharmonious personalities peacefully. The process of integration of female and male sexes can be expedited by opening up one's heart to a universal love.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.13-27
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• 2019

Numerical taxonomy is employed to determine the phenetic proximity of the Egyptian taxa belonging to the genus Ononis L. A classical clustering analysis and a principal component analysis (PCA) were used to separate 57 macro- and micromorphological characters in order to circumscribe 11 taxa of Ononis. A clustering analysis using the unweighted pair-group method with the arithmetic means (UPGMA) method gives the highest co-phenetic correlation. Results from clustering and PCA revealed the segregation of five groups. Our results are in line, to some certain degree, with the traditional sub-sectional concept, as can be seen in the grouping of the representative members of the subsections Diffusae and Mittisimae together and the representative members of the subsections Viscosae and Natrix. The phenetic uniqueness of Ononis variegata and O. reclinata subsp. mollis was formally established. However, our findings contradict the classic sectional concept; this opinion was suggested earlier in previous phylogenetic circumscriptions of the genus. The most useful characters that provide taxonomic clarity were discussed.

• Advances in robotics research
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2018

This study evaluates the efficacy of a class robust control scheme namely active force control in performing a joint based trajectory tracking of an upper limb exoskeleton in rehabilitating the elbow joint. The plant of the exoskeleton system is obtained via system identification method whilst the PD gains were tuned heuristically. The estimated inertial parameter that enables the AFC disturbance rejection effect is attained by means of a non-nature based metaheuristic optimisation technique known as simulated Kalman filter (SKF). It was demonstrated from the present investigation that the proposed PDAFC scheme outperformed the classical PD algorithm in tracking the prescribed trajectory both in the presence and without the presence of disturbance attributed by the mannequin limb weights (1 kg and 1.5 kg) that mimics the weight of actual human limb weight. Therefore, it is apparent from the results obtained from the present study that the proposed control scheme, i.e., PDAFC is suitable for the application of exoskeleton for stroke rehabilitation.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2006

Purpose : To identify general characteristics of school personnel with recent fatigue which was the most frequent symptom among subjective symptoms and to explore fatigue-related factors by evaluating physical and perceived health status, life style, and symptoms through data mining techniques. Methods : We collected a data of the 1,147(male 545, female 602) who were elementary, middle, or high school personnel, answered a questionnaire, and received physical examination in Seoul School Health Center from September to November in 2000. And we investigated the differences between fatigue group and non-fatigue group for demographic characteristics, physical health status, perceived health status, symptoms, and laboratory values by frequency, chi-square test, t-test, or simple logistic regression analysis by SAS package 8.1, and then selected significant variables as input variables of a decision tree analysis of CART model by SAS E-miner. Results : In general characteristics, the fatigue consisted of 41.1%(male 35.2%, female 46.4%) among 1,147 school personnel. In classical statistics, factors related with fatigue were female, lower means of systolic and diastolic pressure, young age, personnel in middle school, irregular eating habit, no exercise a week or less than 30minutes exercise a day, perception of unhealthy status, and subjective symptoms including short of breath at exercise. In simple logistic regression to examine the relationship between selected independent variables and fatigue as a dependent variable, the odds ratio of gender (female vs male) was 1.58 times, and young age ( 20s vs 60s) 20.67 times, and middle vs high school personnel 1.86 times. However, we mined combined several characteristics by SAS-E miner. In CART model, if health perception was healthy, and age was >= 37.5 years, the proportion of the fatigue was only 19.3%. but if health perception was not healthy and symptom was severe 'short of breath' during exercise and age was < 53.5 years, and BMI was >= 22.69, the proportion of the fatigue was up to 84.8%. Conclusions : The fatigue consisted of 41.1%(male 35.2%, female 46.4%). In classical statistics, fatigue-related factors among school personnel were young age, female gender, perceived unhealthy status, subjective physical symptoms, poor life-style, and lower blood pressure rather than only physical health status. However, in data mining, if health perception was healthy and age was >= 37.5 years, the proportion of the fatigue was only 19.3%. but if health perception was not healthy and symptom was severe 'short of breath' during exercise and age was < 53.5 years, and BMI was >= 22.69, the proportion of the fatigue was up to 84.8%.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2005

베이지안 기법은 객관적 자료 이외에 주관적 지식도 평가에 반영하는 특성으로 인해 최근 PRA에서 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비파괴검사 장비 분실에 대한 방사선 위험도를 평가하기 위해 베이지안 기법을 활용하였다. U.S. NRC에서 제시한 선원분실 피폭 시나리오를 국내 실정에 맞게 재구성하였고 안전인자의 사고발생 확률에 국한하여 적용하였다. 사고발생 확률수정의 경우 Jeffreys사전분포를 사용한 결과가 모호사전분포를 사용한 결과보다 5 % 베이즈 하한치가 더 낮아서 방사선 사고와 같은 낮은 사고발생 확률을 가지는 시스템에 대한 위험도 평가에 적합하다. 위험도의 결과를 보면 일반인의 연간 예상되는 평균선량은 베이지안 기법이 고전적인 기법에 의거한 평가보다 높은 선량을 나타내는데 이는 수정된 안전인자 확률의 평균이 고전적 확률 참보다 높게 평가된 것에 기인한다. 국내의 경우 방사선 위험도 평가를 위한 자료구축이 미비한 바 베이지안 기법은 위험도 평가에 유용한 대안으로 활용할 수 있으며 이러한 연구는 위험도 정보-기반 규제에 기여할 것이다.

• 고전문학과교육
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• 제37호
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• pp.185-215
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• 2018

이 글은 설화 <전생의 인연으로 부부가 된 중과 이[蝨]와 돼지>를 중심으로 전생론에 대한 새로운 해석을 시도하였다. 설화 전승주체들의 발언이나 독특한 방식으로 설화를 기억하는 사례를 통해, 부부갈등 설화 속 전생화소는 '막강한 운명에 대한 체념'을 강화하는 역기능을 발휘할 수 있다는 점을 확인하였다. 본고는 이 점에 문제를 제기하고, 이 설화 속 주인공이 품은 "왜?"라는 질문을 시작으로 이어지는 진중한 사유의 과정이야말로 좌절 속에서 극복의 가능성을 찾아내는 구비설화의 본질적 가치라고 주장한 것이다. 그리고 또 한 편의 각편 사례를 들어, '전생 발견하기' 화소가 이 설화에서 '존재와 삶을 스스로 선택할 수 있는 계기'로 의미하고 있음을 논하였다. 설화와 전생 화소에 이러한 해석은 운명에 대한 수동적 태도나 비극적 운명을 신념화하는 비관과는 달리 삶에 대한 긍정과 주체성인데, 이는 고정된 자아를 고집하지 않는 불가의 무아윤회론으로 풀이될 수 있었다. 이에 본고는 설화 속 주인공의 변화를 '전생 발견하기' 과정을 '"왜?"라는 질문을 던지고, 나와 아내의 존재를 사유하기 시작함 ${\rightarrow}$ 현존재적 '나'의 기억(혹은 인지)이 지닌 한계를 인정함 ${\rightarrow}$ 나와 아내의 존재를 재규정하고, 새로운 실존으로 거듭남'의 사유 과정으로 분석하였다. 설화의 서사 맥락에 따라 이러한 사유의 과정을 경험하는 것이 전생 화소를 포함한 부부갈등 설화의 효용성을 확인하는 문학치료 활동이 될 것이다.

• 고전문학과교육
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• 제37호
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• pp.75-109
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• 2018

이 글에서는 유의양이 자기의 유배체험을 기록한 ${\ll}$남해문견록${\gg}$과 ${\ll}$북관노정록${\gg}$을 대상으로 작품에 제시된 유배체험의 양상과 작가의식을 검토하였다. 18세기 관료문인인 유의양은 영조의 노여움을 사 남해, 아산, 종성으로 해를 이어 유배를 갔는데 남해와 종성의 유배체험을 각각 ${\ll}$남해문견록${\gg}$과 ${\ll}$북관노정록${\gg}$을 통해 기록으로 남겼다. 우선 여정이 큰 비중으로 제시된 ${\ll}$북관노정록${\gg}$의 경우 작자는 자기가 지나는 각각의 장소와 관련된 역사적 사건이나 설화, 한시 작품 등을 제시하는 방식으로 유배지로 향하거나 유람을 하는 여정을 구성하였다. 작자는 여정을 서술하면서 임진왜란과 익조 도조의 행적을 집중적으로 제시하였으며, 옛사람이 지은 시를 통해 그들이 노래한 경관을 자기 눈으로 직접 확인하기도 하고, 그들의 처지와 감회에 공감하면서 자기의 현재를 돌아보기도 하고, 스스로 시를 지어 자기의 회포를 드러내기도 하였다. 이는 작자가 자기가 지나는 장소들을 역사적이고 문학적인 의미망 속에서 이해하고, 인식하려 했다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 작자는 유배지 지역민들의 삶의 모습과 방식에 주목하여 산물, 장례나 혼례 풍속, 음식, 가옥 구조, 방언 등을 상당히 자세하게 제시하고 있는데 이는 작자가 환경과 상황에 따른 지역민의 삶에 대한 이해를 통해 유배지를 인식하고자 했다는 것을 뜻한다. 한편 작자는 주위 사람들과의 교유와 대화를 중심으로 유배의 일상적 모습을 제시하기도 하고, 가족에 대한 그리움과 걱정을 시로 형상화하거나 토로하면서 유배의 고통을 드러내기도 하고, 유람을 통해 갑갑하고 고통스런 일상에서 벗어나는 모습을 제시하기도 하였다. 이처럼 작자는 역사와 문학을 통해 여정을 구성하고, 지역민의 삶의 모습과 방식을 통해 유배지를 인식하였으며, 유배지 사람들과의 교유와 대화에 관심을 기울이며 유배생활을 제시하였다. 유배체험을 이러한 방식으로 제시한 이유는, 우선 작자가 직접 언급하고 있듯이 작자가 스스로를 벼슬하는 관료로 인식하여 유배지의 지리적 상황과 백성들의 질고를 살피려 했다는 점, 그리고 그가 관료이면서 동시에 문인이기도 했다는 점에서 찾을 수 있다. 또한 유배의 원인이 그리 심각하지 않아 작자가 어느 정도 심적 여유를 가질 수 있었으리라는 점, 작자로서는 내면에 몰두하여 유배의 고통과 마주하기보다는 눈을 밖으로 돌려 여정과 유배지에 관심을 기울이는 것이 다소나마 고통에서 벗어날 수 있는 효과적인 방법일 수 있었다는 점을 그러한 제시 방식을 택한 이유로 아울러 고려할 필요가 있다.

• 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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• 제8권
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• pp.89-121
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• 1997

Many of the measures and policies advocated by supply-siders, such as lower taxation, less government intervention, more freedom from restrictive legislation and regulation, and the need for increased productivity can be found in writing the classical economist. Nor is supply-side economics a complete divorcement from Keynesian analysis. In both camps the objectives are the same-high level employment, stable prices and healthy economic growth, the means or suggestions for attaining the objectives, however, differ. Consequently, recommended economic policies and measures are different. keynesians rely primarily on the manipulation of effective demand to increase output and employment and to combat inflation. They assume ample resources to be available in order that supply will respond to demand. The supply-siders emphasize the need to increase savings, investment, productivity and output as a means of increasing income. Supply-siders assume that the increase in income will lead to an increase in effective demand. Keynesians suggest that savings, particularly those not invested, dampen economic activity. Supply-siders hold that savings, or at least an increase in after-tax income, stimulates work effort and provides funds for investment. Perhaps keynesians are guilty of assuming that most savings are not going to be invested, whereas supply-siders may erroneously assume that almost all savings will flow into investment and/ or stimulate work effort. In reality, a middle ground is possible. The supply-siders stress the need to increase supply, but Keynes did not preclude the possibility of increasing economic activity by working through the supply side. According to Keynes' aggregate demand-aggregate supply framework, a decrease in supply will increase output and employment. It must be remembered, however, that Keynes' aggregate supply is really a price. Lowering the price or cost of supply would there by result in higher profit and/ or higher output. This coincides with the viewpoint of supply-siders who want to lower the cost of production via various means for the purpose of increasing supply. Then, too, some of the means, such as tax cuts, tax credits and accelerated depreciation, recommended by suply-siders to increase productivity and output would be favored by Keynesians also as a means of increasing investment, curbing costs, and increasing effective demand. In fact, these very measures were used in the early 1960s in the United State during the years when nagging unemployment was plaguing the economy. Keynesians disagree with the supply-siders' proposals to reduce transfer payments and slow down the process of income redistribution, except in full employment inflationary periods. Keynesians likewise disagree with tax measures that favored business as opposed to individuals and the notion of shifting the base of personal taxation away from income and toward spending. A frequent criticism levied at supply-side economics is that it lacks adequate models and thus far has not been quantified to any great extent. But, it should be remembered that Keynesian economics originally was lacking in models and based on a number of unproved assumptions, such as, the stability of the consumption function with its declining marginal propensity to consume. Just as the economic catastrophe of the great depression of the 1930s paved the way for the application of Keynesian or demand-side policies, perhaps the frustrating and restless conditions of the 1970s and 1980s is an open invitation for the application of supply-side policies. If so, the 1980s and 1990s may prove to be the testing era for the supply-side theories. By the end of 1990s we should have better supply-side models and know much more about the effectiveness of supply-side policies. By that time, also, supply-side thinking may be more crystallized and we will learn whether it is something temporary that will fade away, be widely accepted as the new economics replacing Keynesian demand analysis, or something to be continued but melded or fused with demand management.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.569-595
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• 2014

In this paper, a novel semi-energy finite strip method (FSM) is developed based on the concept of first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) in order to attempt the post-buckling solution for thin and relatively thick functionally graded (FG) plates under uniform end-shortening. In order to study the effects of through-the-thickness shear stresses on the post-buckling behavior of FG plates, two previously developed finite strip methods, i.e., semi-energy FSM based on the concept of classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) and a CLPT full-energy FSM, are also implemented. Moreover, the effects of aspect ratio on initial post-buckling stiffness of FG rectangular plates are studied. It has been shown that the variation of the ratio of initial post-buckling stiffness to pre-buckling stiffness ($S^*/S$) with respect to aspects ratios is quite independent of volume fractions of constituents in thin FG plates. It has also been seen that the universal curve representing the variation of ($S^*/S$) with aspect ratio of a FG plate demonstrate a saw shape curve. Moreover, it is revealed that for the thin FG plates in contrast to relatively thick plates, the variations of non-dimensional load versus end-shortening is independent of ceramic-metal volume fraction index. This means that the post-buckling behavior of thin FG plates and the thin pure isotropic plates is similar. The results are discussed in detail and compared with those obtained from finite element method (FEM) of analysis. The study of the results may have a great influence in design of FG plates encountering post-buckling behavior.