• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze the industrial concentration of the districts, cities and counties among clinics, dental clinics, and Oriental clinics. For this purpose, the sales from 1996 to 2015 in five-year intervals were analyzed by the Heifindal-Hirschmann index (HHI). The results of this study showed that the competition index represented by the HHI tended to intensify as a whole. Especially in the county area, HHI tended to be in comparison with other regions, but decreased with statistically significance. On average, the HHI was higher in the county than in the district and city areas. In the case of the clinic, the HHI of the county area tended to decrease. In the case of the dental clinic, the HHI tended to decrease in the city and county, while in the Oriental clinic the HHI tended to decrease in the district, city and county. Overall, monopolies were present in the county, but competition strengthened over time. In the case of clinics, competition is intensifying in country. area. In the case of dental clinics, competition in the city and country areas has not yet reached saturation. In the case of Oriental clinics, competition in all regions has not yet been saturated, and competition in the distinct market has been most intense.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-49
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• 2009

There is a wide range of agreement for reorganization of administrative units. It is expected that regionalization of city governments and city-county consolidation would contribute to enhance efficiency of extension services and weaken citizen accessibility, responsiveness, and participation. Therefore, it is suggested that branch office of extension center should be provided to the isolated rural areas in order to maintain the appropriate level of services. Also, the relationship and linkage between the national/regional government and local extension centers should be reshaped by making current linkage system such as monthly Provincial Meeting and central-local association more effective. Establishment of agricultural database of each local region is needed to strengthen local extension center's role. Finally, extension service agency needs to consider to expand its function from the traditional extension services to a variety of 'rural issues.'

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

This paper measures and maps multi-dimensional residential segregation of immigrants in Seoul metropolitan area at city/county/district level as well as town level, thereby adding to our understanding of the urban structure and its spatial distribution impacted by immigration. The perspective offered here focuses on the segregation spurred by transnational migrants and their urban settlement. By drawing population data for 79 city/county/district administrative units from the Korea Immigration Service, residential segregation of immigrants in Seoul metropolitan area is measured based on Massey & Denton's four segregation indices: evenness, exposure, concentration and clustering. The empirical findings suggest that Seoul metropolitan area is highly segregated and the areas showing hyper-segregation appear in Seoul city and Gyeonggi province. As immigrants are foreseen to continue to increase in the future, this research contributes both empirically and theoretically to preliminary research on spatial segregation of immigrants by showing how ethnic places are segregated spatially through ethnic networks that support the geographic concentration of minority groups.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the regional difference of death from intentional self-harm. The analysis was based on data of intentional self-harm deaths (31,450) from the 2010-2011 vital statistics of Korea. The suicide rate (per 100,000 population) was 46.2 in male and 22.3 in female. Gender ratio (male / female) of suicide rate was 2.07, and Jeju province had the lowest gender ratio (1.82), and Chungbuk province had the highest gender ratio (2.42). In the age-gender standardized death rate (per 100,000) of self-harm by region, the highest suicide rate was observed in Gangwon province (44.8) and Chungnam province (44.3), and the lowest in Seoul metropolitan city (28.9) and Ulsan metropolitan city (29.2). There was a significant increase in the rate of suicide in city areas (odds ratio: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.08-1.13), county areas (1.62, 1.56-1.67) as compared with the rate of suicide in metropolitan areas. The commonest methods of suicide were hanging (53.7 percent), self-poisoning by pesticides (16.8 percent) and jumping from a height (14.3 percent). The methods used for suicide differed between rural (county) and urban areas (metropolitan city and city). In county areas, 43 percent of suicides used pesticides as compared to only 7-18 percent of those in urban areas. In urban areas, jumping was more common (13-17 percent vs. 6 percent). There were no difference in hanging between urban and rural areas. The odds ratio of death by pesticides was 9.86 in rural areas compared with death rate of metropolitan areas. The odds ratio of death by jumping was 0.59 in rural compared with death rate of metropolitan areas.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1-18
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• 2011

In this study, population census(2005 & 2008) from Statistics Korea and the statistical data of the number of hospital beds by healthcare facilities classification from Ministry of Health and Welfare were used. For analyzing distribution of hospital beds, hospital beds were classified as acute care beds, long-term care beds and all hospital beds, which is including acute and long-term care beds. Regional areas, which are city(si), county(goon) for the study and district(gu) were reclassified as metropolitan city, city(si) and county(goon). Because there were 165 regional areas in 2005 and 2008, 84 and 81 areas were classified as metropolitan city and/or city and county, respectively. Gini index were calculated for hospital beds from each year, and Lorenz curves were drawn. The following summary presents the findings of this study. Compared to the year 2005 and 2008, the Gini index was 0.24472, and hospital bed numbers increased slightly by 0.80% than in 2005. In case of acute care beds, the Gini index was 0.23797(0.13%), and there was no big difference; however, the Gini index for long-term care beds was 0.41091, and there was a 30.25% decrease, which shows improvement to reduce disparities. It might result from an increase in long-term care beds up to 476.2%. For geographical equality of hospital beds, the Gini index and Lorenz curve, which can be compared the degree of inequality in the distribution of hospital beds reasonably and possibly show statistical data, should be used. Through this study, the distribution policy of hospital beds should be established.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.225-237
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• 2011

For each local town (6 cities and 8 counties) affiliated with Jeonbuk provincial government, characteristics of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were analyzed and key emission areas were drawn to establish mitigation policies of the regional greenhouse gases. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) reported that the total greenhouse gas emission of Jeonbuk was 20.93 million $tCO_2e$ in 2006. The inland area of 5 cities and 1 county (Jeonju, Gunsan, Iksan, Jungeup, Kimje, Wanju) covered 82% of total greenhouse gas emission in Jeonbuk, while the rest local towns of the province, mostly from mountainous areas were responsible for the rest of the total GHG emission. The cities and counties having relatively higher emission in Jeonbuk province were influenced dominantly by the emission from energy and waste sections. Also, agricultural section showed similar tendency except industrial cities such as Gunsan and Jeonju. In the internal portion of city and county, energy section showed the highest portion at the range of 72.1 (Sunchang)~97.0% (Jeonju) and agricultural section was at the range of 1.2% (Jeonju)~26.6 (Sunchang). When the portion of energy section was higher, the lower agricultural section. The emission index was applied to decide the key city and county and the potential city and county with two methodologies in this study. It was required that the key emission areas were drawn to establish regional greenhouse gases mitigation policies.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.21-36
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• 1996

This thesis focused on the extent of the area-by-area gap of the unit production cost that should be taken into account without exception in supply of the local public goods production cost. With the advent of the local autonomy era, what should be considered in the local governmen's production of the local public goods are the government's fiscal capacity and the environmental difference that shows up in accordance with the area's characteristics. Though with the same level of the fiscal capacity, an occurrence of environmental difference will lead inevitably to the different level of actual supply of the local public goods. The method of analysis used in this thesis was first to bring out implicit price, to combine this with induced expenditure function, to separate demand function parameter and cost function parameter, and then to analyzed the impact of environmental variables on the production cost. The environmental variables were set on the basis of the ones that affected expenditure per person of the public goods. The analysis was conducted in distinction of city areas and county areas. The results showed that, in cases of cities, more production cost of the public goods was in presence in urban areas and in areas where there was sluggish development. In other words, distinction could be drawn between areas where there was a large consumption of production cost resulting from poor environmental sparked by slow development and those where additional costs were required due to population concentration caused by a certain level of accomplished development. In the meantime, in cases of county areas, the results were around the same. However, a comparison between city areas and county ones told that overall difference between city areas was not that big in the production cost while that in county areas was large enough. In times ahead, in implementation of grant-in-aid scheme, production cost index for local public goods could be used as it was written in consideration of environmental characteristics of areas concerned.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.806-813
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• 2018

$^{222}Rn$ exists in nature in the form of a rare radioactive gas. In terms of environmental radiation, issues regarding $^{222}Rn$ have persisted because of its radiological hazardousness. Ulju County is one of the regions of Ulsan metropolitan city, with a population of 227,699. Ulju County has the highest density of industrial complexes in Korea. In this study, $^{222}Rn$ radioactivity concentration was measured and analyzed in 57 schools in Ulju County using 114 passive LR-115 type detectors to secure radiological safety and confirm basic information for reduction of resident exposure to $^{222}Rn$. The effective dose of $^{222}Rn$ was assessed to find the actual risk of the concentration surveyed in schools to human beings. The dose depended on four factors: subjects, $^{222}Rn$ concentration, dose coefficient, and time. The individuals subjected to dose estimation were classified into three types: students, teachers, and office workers. The subjects had different dwelling locations and times. The findings demonstrate that the radiological hazard to students and workers at schools in Ulju County owing to $^{222}Rn$ is negligible in terms of $^{222}Rn$ activity recommendation level.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.285-294
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• 2015

Background: Suicide is one of important health problems in Korea. Previous studies showed factors associated with suicide in individual levels. However, suicide was influenced by society that individuals belong to, so it was required to analyze suicide in local levels. The purpose of this study was to analyze the regional disparities of suicide mortality by gender and the association between local characteristics and suicide mortality. Methods: This study included 229 city county district administrative districts in Korea. Age- and sex-standardized suicide mortality and age-standardized suicide mortality (male/female) were used as dependent variables. City county district types, socio-demographics (number of divorces per 1,000 population, number of marriages per 1,000 population, and single households), financial variable (financial independence), welfare variable (welfare budget), and health behavior/status (perceived health status scores and EuroQol-5 dimension [EQ-5D]) were used to represent the local characteristics. We used hot-spot analysis to identify the spatial patterns of suicide mortality and negative binomial regression analysis to examine factors affecting suicide mortality. Results: There were differences in distribution of suicide mortality and hot-spot regions of suicide mortality by gender. Negative binomial regression analysis provided that city county district types (city), number of divorces per 1,000 population, financial independence, and EQ-5D had significant influences on the age- and sex-standardized suicide mortality per 100,000. Factor influencing suicide mortality was the number of divorces per 1,000 population in both male and female. Conclusion: Study results provided evidences that suicide mortality among regions was differed by gender. Health policy makers will need to consider gender and local characteristics when making policies for suicides.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 2024

Many houses have been left vacant in cities worldwide due to changes in the economy, society, and urban composition. The increase in vacant houses causes social problems and decrease in the value of real estate. Considering the cost of preparing a new residence because the existing residence no longer functions, it is an important problem to solve empty houses in the existing residence. Accordingly, policy attempts and studies to reduce and utilize vacant houses are in progress in various countries. In South Korea, the ratio of vacant houses was 6.4% of all houses as of 2021, and in Jeolla-buk-do, it was 11.6%, which is higher than the national average. Jeollabuk-do conducted a fact-finding survey on countermeasures against vacant houses; 17,732 vacant houses (2.4%) were surveyed. The urbanization, population, and terrain of Jeollabuk-do, consisting of 14 cities and counties, were considered. The ratios, types, grades, and spatial autocorrelations of vacant houses were analyzed after classification into city areas (focus, small, and medium) and county areas (plains and mountains) areas to derive policies according to the distribution of vacant houses. The average difference in ratio, type, grade, and spatial autocorrelation of vacant houses was used to analyze the characteristics of the distribution of vacant houses according to these classifications. There were significant differences in the averages of the ratios, grades, and spatial autocorrelations between city and county areas. The autocorrelation of vacant house distribution exhibited differences between urban and county areas.