• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disorder that causes progressive paralysis. L-Citrulline is a nonessential neutral amino acid produced by L-arginine via nitric oxide synthase (NOS). According to previous studies, the pathogenesis of ALS entails glutamate toxicity, oxidative stress, protein misfolding, and neurofilament disruption. In addition, L-citrulline prevents neuronal cell death in brain ischemia; therefore, we investigated the change in the transport of L-citrulline under various pathological conditions in a cell line model of ALS. We examined the uptake of [¹⁴C]L-citrulline in wild-type (hSOD1wt/WT) and mutant NSC-34/ SOD1^G93A (MT) cell lines. The cell viability was determined via MTT assay. A transport study was performed to determine the uptake of [¹⁴C]L-citrulline. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of rat large neutral amino acid transported 1 (rLAT1) in ALS cell lines. Nitric oxide (NO) assay was performed using Griess reagent. L-Citrulline had a restorative effect on glutamate induced cell death, and increased [¹⁴C]L-citrulline uptake and mRNA levels of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) in the glutamate-treated ALS disease model (MT). NO levels increased significantly when MT cells were pretreated with glutamate for 24 h and restored by co-treatment with L-citrulline. Co-treatment of MT cells with L-arginine, an NO donor, increased NO levels. NSC-34 cells exposed to high glucose conditions showed a significant increase in [¹⁴C]L-citrulline uptake and LAT1 mRNA expression levels, which were restored to normal levels upon co-treatment with unlabeled L-citrulline. In contrast, exposure of the MT cell line to tumor necrosis factor alpha, lipopolysaccharides, and hypertonic condition decreased the uptake significantly which was restored to the normal level by co-treating with unlabeled L-citrulline. L-Citrulline can restore NO levels and cellular uptake in ALS-affected cells with glutamate cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, or other pathological states, suggesting that L-citrulline supplementation in ALS may play a key role in providing neuroprotection.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.465-470
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• 2005

Octacosanol is known to enhance endurance activities, control cholesterol in body and improve the function of cardiopulmonary. Citrulline, which is main compound of watermelon, is known to improve angiectasia through stimulating production of nitric oxide. To improve endurance activity swimming test on rats was carried out using four samples such as 1$\%$ octacosanol, citrulline, the extracts of barks of watermelon and products, mixture of 1$\%$ octacosanol and the extracts of barks of watermelon (6 : 4). Biochemical assays on the liver and serum of tested rats were also performed using commercial analysis kits. In result, it was shown that swimming time of III group increased by 26$\%$ and that of V group was increased by 22$\%$ at the swimming test. As a result of biological assays on the liver and serum of tested rats it was possible to confirm stability of toxicity When compared with creatine kinase of control group (549.11$\pm$39.15 U/l) citrulline (644.11 $\pm$50.67 U/l) and products group (646.00$\pm$46.99 U/l) were largely increased. When compared with inorganic phosphate of control group (12.01$\pm$0.75 mg/이), citrulline (13.03$\pm$0.94 mg/dl) and products group (12.90$\pm$0.55 mg/dl) showed similar results. Also, when compared with lactic acid and glucose of control group (152.91 $\pm$ 13.45, 103.00$\pm$ 8.69 mg/dl), citrulline (125.53$\pm$15.54, 83.75$\pm$7.29 mg/dl) and products group (135.26$\pm$11.50, 78.57$\pm$9.79 mg/dl) were largely decreased. As these test results, it was determined that 1$\%$ octacosanol and extracts of barks of watermelon had some effect of improving endurance activity. Futhermore, it was thought that it could be used as source of functional food.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2020

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a non-seasonal, economically important, cucurbit cultivated throughout the world with Asia as a continent contributing the most. As part of the effort in diversifying watermelon genetic resources in the already cultivated group, this study was devoted to providing baseline data on morphological quality traits and health-beneficial phytonutrients of watermelon germplasm collections, thereby promoting watermelon research and cultivation programs. To this end, we reported morphological traits, citrulline, and arginine levels of watermelon genetic resources obtained from the gene bank of Agrobiodiversity Center, Republic of Korea, and discussed the relationship between each other. Diverse characteristics were observed among many of the traits. But, most of the genetic resources (>90%) were either red or pink-fleshed. Korean origin fruits contained intermediate levels of soluble solid content (SSC) while The USA, Russian, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Taiwan, and Uruguay originated had generally the highest levels of soluble solids. The citrulline and arginine contents using HPLC method were ranged from 6.9 to 52.1 mg/g (average, 27.3 mg/g) and 1.8 to 21.3 mg/g (average, 9.8 mg/g), respectively. The citrulline content determined using Citrulline Assay Kit was ranged from 6.5 to 42.8 mg/g (average, 27.0 mg/g). Resources with high citrulline and arginine levels contained low SSC. Whereas, red- and pink-colored flesh samples had less citrulline compared to yellow and orange. In addition to the profiling of morphological characters and phytonutrients, molecular marker characterization and identification of sources of resistance to diseases and pests are recommended for a more complete diversity analysis of watermelon genetic resources.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2006

4가지 물질의 분말을 10배액, 100배액, 500배액, 1000배액, 1500배액, 2000배액을 농도별로 처리하여 목이버섯 균사생장과 균사밀도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. Senna은 대조구에 비하여 10배액, 100배액, 500배액, 1000배액, 1500배액 2000배액의 6가지 처리 모두가 균사생장과 밀도가 좋았으며 그중 100배액이 가장 좋았다. L-citrulline 분말은 처리농도 500배액이 대조구에 비해 같은 기간 내에 7.86mm/15일이 더 빨리 자랐으며 균사밀도도 좋아 최적 희석배수를 나타내었다. L-carnitine 분말은 100배액은 대조구에 비해 균사생장이 3.4 mm/15일로 촉진되었으며 균사밀도도 촉진되었다. Garcinia cambogia 분말은 대조구에 비해 6가지 희석배수 모두 균사생장이 억제되는 경향을 나타내었다. 10배액의 가장 진한 희석배수에서 가장 균사생장이 억제되었고 1000배액은 거의 대 조구와 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 L-citrulline, L-carnitine, Senna, Garcinia cambogia 순으로 균사생장과 균사밀도에 촉진적으로 작용하였다.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2016

Newborn screening of some urea cycle disorders has little benefits because of early severe symptoms before the result, low sensitivity (especially hypocitrullinemia) and poor prognosis. But in case of citrullinemia, citrin deficiency and argininosuccinic aciduria diagnosed as elevated citrulline, newborn screening is helpful for early diagnosis and treatment before the symptom. Distinction between the clinical forms of these diseases is based on clinical findings and biochemical results, however, they may not be clearcut. Treatment is different from each other, so exact diagnosis is essential. Here, the diagnostic algorithm for elevated citrulline after tandem mass screening has been proposed. Minimizing total process time from sampling to report of the results is important in Korea for diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.

• BMB Reports
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.301-305
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• 1995

Considering the stimulatory effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on the release of nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells in vitro and vasodilatation of rabbit pulmonary artery in vivo, the present study is designed to investigate the mechanism of nitric oxide release by ginsenosides in calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells, Nitric oxide release was determined in endothelial cells treated with ginsenosides and compared with those of the receptor-dependent agonists, bradykinin and ADP and the receptor-independent calcium ionophore $A_{23187}$. The results showed that total saponin and ginsenoside $Rg_1$, not $Rb_1$, stimulated nitric oxide release measured as conversion to L-citrulline. The nitric oxide releasing properties of total saponin and ginsenoside $Rg_1$ were different; total saponin stimulated only conversion to L-citrulline, like $A_{23187}$, while ginsenoside $Rg_1$ stimulated both L-arginine transport and conversion to L-citrulline, as bradykinin or ADP did.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1992

For the purpose of producing L-ornithine by microbial fermentation, mutant strains were developed from glutamate-producing bacteria by mutagenesis using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and UV irradiation. Brevibacterium ketoglutamicum BK1046, a L-citrulline auxotroph which is also resistant to arginine hydroxamate (Arghx), was isolated and selected as the best producer of L-ornithine. This strain was capable of producing L-ornithine at a concentration of 24 g/l after 69 hours of cultivation in the 21 jar fermentor. The optimum supplementary level of L-arginine, a substitute for L-citrulline, was found to be about 0.2 g/l in the shake-flask fermentation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2001

In addition to known cucurbitacins, a glucosphingosine type cerebroside and amino acids were isolated from the roots of Trichosanthes kirilowii. The structure of cerebroside was determined as soya-cerebroside I by means of spectroscopic methods. Fifteen amino acids were identified as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, histidine, citrulline, threonine, alanine, proline, tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and tryptophan, among which the major components such as citrulline, phenylalanine, leucine/isoleucine and valine were isolated.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.370-373
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• 2011

Citrin deficiency는 염색체 7q21.3의 SLC25A13 유전자 돌연변이에 의해 발생하는 상염색체 열성질환으로 neonatal-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2) 및 adult-onset CTLN2로 분류된다. 생후 16일된 여아가 신생아 대사 검사에서 citrullinemia (CTLN)가 의심되었고 혈중 아미노산 분석에서 CTLN 및 고암모니아혈증을 보였고, SLC25A13 유전자 분석 결과 c.221C>T in exon4 and c.1645C in exon16 (p.[Ser74Phe]+[Gln549X]) 의 새로운 돌연변이가 발견되어 neonatal-onset CTLN2로 진단되었다. 저자들은 신생아 대사 검사에서 citrullinemia를 보이는 영아들에서 확진을 위한 유전자 검사 및 혈중 아미노산 분석이 필요하다고 생각한다.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.250-253
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• 2010

Citrullinemia는 요소 회로 이상으로 argininosuccinate synthetase의 결핍으로 기인한다. 저자들은 citrullinemia type I 환자와 그의 가족에서 새롭게 발견된 돌연변이를 경험하여 이를 보고하고자 한다. 환아는 광범위 신생아 선천성 대사이상 선별검사에서 citrulline이 고도의 증가 소견과 혈청 암모니아는 $982{\mu}mol/L$까지 증가 소견을 보였다. 혈청 아미노산 분석결과 citrulline 1,581 nmol/mL로 현저한 증가 소견을 보였으며 또한 소변 유기산 분석 검사결과 orotic acid가 3,566 mmol/mol Cr로 매우 증가된 소견을 보였다. Citrullinemia 확진을 위하여 환아와 가족에 대하여 ASS1 gene 검사를 시행하였다. 환아는 c.689G>C (p.G230A)와 c.892G>A (p.E298k)의 변이가 발견되어 ASS1 gene의 돌연변이에 의한 citrullinemia type I 으로 진단되었으며, 두 가지 돌연변이는 아직 국내에 보고된 적 없는 새로운 것으로 확인되었다. 국내에서 새롭게 발견된 citrullinemia type I 유전자를 보고하며 citrullinemia를 보인 경우 확진 및 유전상담을 위하여 가족 유전자 검사를 시행하는 것이 필요하다고 생각한다.