• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2011

In order to enhance bioactive functionalities of ginseng, an acid impregnation processing was applied as a pre-treatment in producing red ginseng. Acid impregnation studies were conducted, and acids (ascorbic, malic, and citric acid) were selected. The optimal concentration of each acid was investigated in this study in terms of ginsenoside contents. The most concerned ginsenoside, $Rg_3$ was increased by ascorbic, malic, and citric acid pre-treated red ginseng up to 1 M acid concentration. In the case of ascorbic acid pre-treated red ginseng, $Rg_2$ concentration was increased depending on acid concentrations. Citric acid pre-treatment enhanced $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, and $Rh_1+Rh_2$ formation in red ginseng. Therefore, ginsenoside patterns in red ginseng could be changed by acid impregnation pre-treatment depending on acid concentration and acid types. This research is expected to contribute to the development of the ginseng industry via new red ginseng products with selective and intensified functionality.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2010

To enhance the functionalities of ginseng, an acid impregnation pre-treatment was applied during red ginseng processing. Acetic, ascorbic, citric, malic, lactic, and oxalic acid were used for the acid impregnation treatment, and total and crude saponin concentrations and ginsenoside patterns were evaluated. Total and crude saponin contents of red ginseng pre-treated by acetic, ascorbic, and citric acid were similar to those of red ginseng without pre-treatment, whereas lactic, malic, and oxalic acid pre-treatment caused a reduction of total and crude saponin in red ginseng. From the high performance liquid chromatography analysis of ginsenosides, increased $Rg_3$ density was shown in red ginseng pre-treated by acetic, ascorbic, and citric acid impregnation. In the case of lactic, malic, and oxalic acid pre-treatment, increased $Rg_1$ density was observed in red ginseng. Increased $Rg_1$ and $Rg_3$ contents due to acid impregnation during red ginseng processing may contribute to improving bioactive functionalities of red ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2023

This research aimed to evaluate the durability of Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) wood treated with boron preservatives, citric acid (CA), and heating against termites. Wood samples were impregnated firstly with 5% boron solutions, such as boric acid, borax and boric acid + borax combination at 1:1 (w/w). The second impregnation used 5% CA. The impregnations were conducted in a pressure tank at 7 kg/cm² for 4 hours. After impregnation, the samples were heat treated at 80℃ or 160℃. All the treated and control samples were exposed to decay fungi, drywood termites and subterranean termites based on SNI 7207:2014 standard. The results showed that boron preservatives reduced fungal attacks on Samama wood. The combination treatment of boric acid, CA and heat treatment at 160℃ was also effective to increase the resistance of Samama wood against white- and brown rot fungi, and drywood termites. Heat treatment consistently improved the resistance of Samama wood from decay fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.431-446
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• 2023

Samama wood (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb) Havil) is a fast-growing and lesser-utilized wood species that has inferior properties; therefore, its quality needs to be improved. This research aimed to determine the effect of citric acid impregnation at high curing temperatures on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of wood. Citric acid solution with 10% concentration (w/w) was impregnated into wood samples by vacuum-pressure method (-0.5 cmHg, 30 min; 0.7 MPa, 3 h), followed by curing process at 140℃, 160℃, and 180℃ of temperature for 1 h. In comparison, the other wood samples were heat treated at the same temperatures and time. The results showed that the increase in curing and heat temperatures for both treatments were directly proportional to the dimensional stability, but inversely proportional to the mechanical properties. Citric acid impregnated had higher density, dimensional stability, and mechanical properties, except for modulus of rupture, than that of heat treatment. The optimum temperature is suggested at 160℃ in both treatments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.343-348
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 새로운 전처리를 통한 홍삼을 제조하여 홍삼의 향취미의 변화를 살펴보았으며 이로써 맛과 향이 개선 된 홍삼제품을 개발하고자 하였다. Acid(ascorbic acid, citric acid) 감압침투 방법으로 산처리 홍삼을 제조하였으며, 반 건조 산처리 홍삼과 반건조 홍삼의 색, 유리당, ginsenoside 함량, 관능검사를 실시하였다. 홍삼분말 색은 산을 처리하면 밝기 (L)와 황색도 (b)도는 감소하며, 적색도 (a)는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. Fructose, glucose는 산을 처리하지 않은 홍삼이 가장 높았으나 sucrose, maltose는 citric acid 처리한 홍삼이 높게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. Ginsenoside 함량은 산을 처리한 홍삼에서 $Rg_2+Rh_1$, $Rg_3$의 함량이 증가 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 산을 처리한 반건조 홍삼과 일반 반건조 홍삼 관능검사에서는 색과 단맛에서만 유의적 차이가 나타났다. 그러나 건조 홍삼 추출물을 관능 검사한 결과 쓴맛과 떫은맛, 신맛, 향취, 색의 강도에서는 유의적 차이가 나타났다. 특히 산 처리한 홍삼 추출물은 쓴맛과 떫은맛이 감소되어 산으로 전 처리한 홍삼은 인삼에 대한 거부감을 줄일 수 있는 제품으로 사용 가능성을 보여 주었다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.138-148
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• 2020

본 연구는 (주)퓨어엔비텍에서 제조한 multi-bore 형태의 중공사 막을 이용하여 오염된 원수의 투과 후 오염된 막의 재사용을 위해 화학적 세정효율에 대해 파악하고자 하였으며 이를 위해 제조된 중공사 막의 재료는 내화학성이 좋은 PSf(polysulfone) 소재를 사용하였다. 실험은 소혈청 알부민(BSA)을 이용한 내오염성 평가 및 염기성 용액인 차아염소산나트륨(NaOCl), 산성 용액인 구연산(citric acid)을 이용해 장기 함침하여 내화학성 평가를 진행하였다. 시간에 따른 수투과도와 인장강도를 측정하여 분리막의 기계적 강도와 성능의 감소에 대한 결과를 관찰하였다. 이후 소혈청 알부민으로 오염된 막의 화학적 용액에 따른 역세척 후 회복효율을 파악하였다. PSf 중공사 막은 뛰어난 내화학성을 가졌으며 화학적세척결과 차아염소산나트륨의 효율이 높음을 확인하였다.