• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.401-409
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• 2017

The primary cilium is a non-motile microtubule-based organelle that protrudes from the surface of most human cells and works as a cellular antenna to accept extracellular signals. Primary cilia assemble from the basal body during the resting stage ($G_0$ phase) and simultaneously disassemble with cell cycle re-entry. Defective control of assembly or disassembly causes diverse human diseases including ciliopathy and cancer. To identify the effective compounds for studying primary cilium disassembly, we have screened 297 natural compounds and identified 18 and 17 primary cilium assembly and disassembly inhibitors, respectively. Among them, the application of KY-0120, identified as Brefeldin A, disturbed Dvl2-Plk1-mediated cilium disassembly via repression of the interaction of $CK1{\varepsilon}-Dvl2$ and the expression of Plk1 mRNA. Therefore, our study may suggest useful compounds for studying the cellular mechanism of primary cilium disassembly to prevent ciliopathy and cancer.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.284-286
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• 2002

The inverted retina of the Onchidium dorsal eye (DE) is composed only of ciliary-type photoreceptor cells (CC's). The outer segment (OS) of the CC is a concentric lamellar structure consisting of many modified ciliary membranes and stains positively with anti-$\beta$-tubulin antibody. Near the base of the OS there are about 30 basal bodies each connecting individually to a cilium. The cilia are rod-shaped at the base, progressing upwards to a flattened sheet-like shape with increasing surface area. Three-dimensional analysis on serial sections demonstrates the ladle-shape of a modified cilium. Many modified cilia wrap around each other like the leaves of a cabbage. Nine pairs of microtubules (MT's) are located regularly in a ring at the base of the cilium, gradually losing their regular arrangement towards the periphery, where they separate into two subgroups that are contained within two swollen portions of a modified cilium. Within the CC of the Onchidium DE, MT's in the modified cilium exist as two poles extending longitudinally in a thin expanded ciliary membrane. This arrangement may support the photoreceptive OS and serve to maintain its structural integrity.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.961-973
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• 2023

현대 컴퓨팅 환경의 변화에 따라 컨테이너화된 워크로드의 보안과 컨테이너 네트워킹의 복잡성 해결이 중요한 쟁점이 되었다. 특히, 네트워크 정책 설정의 복잡성과 클라우드 보안 아키텍처의 부족은 다양한 보안 문제를 야기한다. 본 논문은 컨테이너화된 환경에서 네트워크 보안과 효율성의 중요성에 주목하며, 다양한 컨테이너 네트워크 인터페이스 플러그인들의 보안 기능과 성능을 분석하였다. 특히, Cilium, Calico, Weave Net, Kube-router 별 특징 및 기능들을 비교 및 평가하였으며, 각 플러그인이 제공하는 레이어 3/4 및 레이어 7의 네트워크 정책과 성능 특징에 대한 분석을 진행하였다. 결과적으로, Cilium과 Calico는 레이어 7 프로토콜을 포함한 다양한 보안 정책을 제공하며, Weave Net과 Kube-router는 레이어 3/4에 중점을 둔다. 또한, 레이어 3/4 정책 적용 시 처리량이 감소하는 현상과 레이어 7 정책을 적용할 때 복잡한 처리로 인한 지연 시간의 증가가 확인되었다. 이러한 분석을 통해, 네트워크 보안 정책 및 보안 구성에 대한 이해를 높이고, 향후보다 안전하고 효율적인 컨테이너 네트워킹 환경구축에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.761-765
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• 2007

The study were conducted in order to investigate the effect of operating parameters including the internal recycle (nitrification return) rates, hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and temperature when using a cilium media method. The first experiment was for evaluating the effect of HRT (12 hr, 10 hr, 8 hr, 6 hr, 4 hr). The second experiment was for analyzing effect of internal recycle rate (100%, 200%, 300%, 400%). As a result of the first experiment, BOD was removed to 97~98% for 6~8 hr HRT. Effluent water quality was not significantly influenced with HRT within that range. However the nitrogen removal was sensitive to HRT. T-P removal efficiency was invariable at various HRTs. The average BOD removal efficiency was about 97% in spite of change of internal recycle rate while T-N removal efficiency was increased at the internal recycle rate of 100~200%, but invariable at the internal recycle rate of 200~300%.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2017

Eukaryotic cilia are organelles that project from the surface of cells to fulfill motility and sensory functions. In vertebrates, the functions of both motile and immotile cilia are critical for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Importantly, a multitude of human diseases is caused by abnormal cilia biogenesis and functions which rely on the compartmentalization of the cilium and the maintenance of its protein composition. The transition zone (TZ) is a specialized ciliary domain present at the base of the cilium and is part of a gate that controls protein entry and exit from this organelle. The relevance of the TZ is highlighted by the fact that several of its components are coded by ciliopathy genes. Here we review recent developments in the study of TZ proteomes, the mapping of individual components to the TZ structure and the establishment of the TZ as a lipid gate.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to evaluate on the removal effect of total nitrogen and posphorus in municipal wastewater by decreasing hydraulic retention time(HRT) from 6 hour to 4 hour on CNR process using influent as a Carbon Source. CNR(Cilium Nutrient Romoval) is the process combining $A^2$/O process with cilium media of H2L corporation. The removal efficiencies for BOD$_{5}$, T-N and T-P were 81.1%, 61.4%, 61.4%, respectively. The removal efficiency of nitrogen and posphorus were low by decreasing hydraulic retention time(HRT) from 6 hour to 4 hour on CNR process.s.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.98-102
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to evaluate on the removal effect of total nitrogen in municipal wastewater by decreasing hydraulic retention time(HRT) from 6 hour to 4 hour on CNR process. CNR-A(Cilia Nutrient Removal) is the process combining A2/O process with cilium media of H2L corporation. The removal efficiencies for T-N were 63.1% in A-1 reactor, and 73.5% in A-2 reactor and 77.0% in A-3 reactor. The specific nitrification(g-NH3-N/g-MLVSS.d) of Oxic in CNR-A process was 0.07-0.32. The specific denitrification in Anoxic and the specific nitrification inOxic was higher in HRT 4 hour because of optimum F/M ratio.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.177-180
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• 2012

Cercaria caribbea LVIII Cable, 1963 (Digenea: Cyathocotylidae) was detected from a brackish water gastropod species (Cerithideopsilla cingulata) in a coatal area of Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do (Province), the Republic of Korea, and its surface ultrastructure was studied using a scanning electron microscope. The cercariae were found freely swimming or enveloped within daughter sporocysts when the snail host was mechanically broken. They were morphologically characterized by a linguiform and ventrally concave body, a long and bifurcated tail, and the presence of a holdfast (=tribocytic) organ posterior to the ventral sucker. On the whole ventral and dorsal surfaces, peg-like tegumental spines were densely distributed. Around the oral sucker, several sensory papillae, each with a short cilium, were distributed, and on the tail, sensory papillae, each with an extensively long cilium, were observed. This is the first record describing a cyathocotylid cercaria from a brackish water gastropod in the Republic of Korea.

• BMB Reports
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• 제52권10호
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• pp.619-624
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• 2019

The primary cilium is a microtubule-based structure projecting from a cell. Although the primary cilium shows no motility, it can recognize environmental stimuli. Thus, ciliary defects cause severe abnormalities called ciliopathies. Ciliogenesis is a very complex process and involves a myriad of components and regulators. In order to excavate the novel positive regulators of ciliogenesis, we performed mRNA microarray using starved NIH/3T3 cells. We selected 62 murine genes with corresponding human orthologs, with significantly upregulated expression at 24 h after serum withdrawal. Finally, calpain-6 was selected as a positive regulator of ciliogenesis. We found that calpain-6 deficiency reduced the percentage of ciliated cells and impaired sonic hedgehog signaling. It has been speculated that this defect might be associated with decreased levels of ${\alpha}-tubulin$ acetylation at lysine 40. This is the first study to report a novel role of calpain-6 in the formation of primary cilia.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.757-763
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• 2023

In this study, we examine whether a change in the protein levels for FOP in Ankyrin repeat and SAM domain-containing protein 1A (ANKS1A)-deficient ependymal cells affects the intraflagellar transport (IFT) protein transport system in the multicilia. Three distinct abnormalities are observed in the multicilia of ANKS1A-deficient ependymal cells. First, there were a greater number of IFT88-positive trains along the cilia from ANKS1A deficiency. The results are similar to each isolated cilium as well. Second, each isolated cilium contains a significant increase in the number of extracellular vesicles (ECVs) due to the lack of ANKS1A. Third, Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2), a ciliary membrane protein, is abundantly detected along the cilia and in the ECVs attached to them for ANKS1A-deficient cells. We also use primary ependymal culture systems to obtain the ECVs released from the multicilia. Consequently, we find that ECVs from ANKS1A-deficient cells contain more IFT machinery and Vangl2. These results indicate that ANKS1A deficiency increases the entry of the protein transport machinery into the multicilia and as a result of these abnormal protein transports, excessive ECVs form along the cilia. We conclude that ependymal cells make use of the ECV-based disposal system in order to eliminate excessively transported proteins from basal bodies.