• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.29-40
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• 2015

Objects : The aim of this study is to introduce latest research trend of cholinergic urticaria and consider results in view of Korean medicine.Methods : We investigate research papers, Chinese and Korean medicinal papers about Cholinergic Urticaria through Pubmed, CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and OASIS(Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System).Results : The pathogenesis of cholinergic urticaria is supposed to correlate with sweating, considering that many cholinergic urticaria patients are complicated with anhidrosis or hypohidrosis and have sweat hypersensitivity. And on the basis of those outcomes, diverse therapies on cholinergic urticaria are conducted recently.Conclusion : Korean medicinal approaches and treatment on cholinergic urticaria can be significant, accounting that sweating plays a important role in pathogenesis of cholinergic urticaria.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.184-191
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• 2006

Cold Urticaria and Cholinergic Urticaria are considered to be distinct disorders in which mediator release and hives can be induced by different stimulti. While neither cold Urticaria nor cholinergic Urticaria is rare, it is unusual to see both disorders occurring in the same patient. Also, our case presents atypical urtication to cold exposure. similar to classic cholinergic Urticaria lesions, called ‘cold-induced cholinergic urticaria’. a case of It lives from as usual as cold as ice environment and When entering into the warm place, the patient minute when the urticaria appears cold - induced cholinergic Urticaria it suspects, The sasang constitution which will reach the result which it demonstrates medically it got the effect which considers it reports.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1999

The hyperactivity of cholinergic system in the RVLM of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) may contribute to the sustained elevation of blood pressure. However, the hyperactivity mechanisms of cholinergic system are controversial. Thus, to clarify the mechanisms of cholinergic hyperactivity in RVLM of the SHR, we studied the activities of enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis and degradation of acetylcholine (ACh) and the density of muscarinic receptors in RVLM of the 14- to 18-week-old SHR and age-marched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Choline acetyltransferase activity was far greater in RVLM of SHR than that of WKY. $[^3H]ACh$ release from RVLM was also greater in SHR than in WKY. Acetylcholinesterase activity and $[^3H]NMS$ binding of RVLM slice of SHR were not significantly different from that of WKY. These results suggest that the enhanced cholinergic mechanisms in the RVLM of SHR is due to the enhanced presynaptic cholinergic tone rather than the altered postsynaptic mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 1994

To elucidate the action of the cholinergic nerve on the isolated uterine smooth muscle of the pig, effects of electrical transmural nerve stimulation and acetylcholine were investigated on the pretreatment of the physostigmine ; cholinestrase inhibitor and atropine ; cholinergic receptor blocker from physiograph. 1. The contractile response induced by acetylcholine was responsed in the concentration of 10^{-8}$ M at first and the maximum contractility was concentration of $10^{-6}$ M. 2. The contractile response induced by electrical transmural nerve stimulation(20 V, 0.5 Msec, 20 sec) was the frequency(2-64 Hz) -dependent manner. 3. The contractile response induced by acetylcholine was completely blocked by the pretreatment with cholinergic receptor blocker, atropine and was increased by the pretrement of cholinestrase inhibitor, physostigmine. 4. The contractile response induced by electrical transmural nerve stimulation was completely blocked by the pretreatment with cholinergic receptor blocker, atropine, and was increased by the pretretment of cholinestrase inhibitor, physostigmine. These findings suggest that it was powerful excitatory action by cholinergic nerve on uterine smooth muscle of the pig.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.220-227
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• 2009

Acquired hypohidrosis is a rare condition of unknown pathogenesis, while idiopathic cholinergic urticaria is relatively common. We report the case of a 18-year-old male with idiopathic cholinergic urticaria and acquired hypohidrosis. He presented with an intermittent pruritic eruption precipitated by mild activity, such as mild exercise or laughing, for last 4 years. He was diagnosed with cholinergic urticaria associated acquired hypohidrosis, successfully treated by herbal medicine applied Gejimahwanggakban-tang(桂枝麻黃各半湯).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.401-409
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• 1994

The cholinergic activity of dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng was examined both morphologically and chemically on primary cultures of chicken embryonic brain cells. When primary cultured chicken embryonic cells were treated with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of total dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng followed by the exposure to 10mM atropine for 48 hr, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 36% of untreated control values while atropine-treated controls fell to 0% lactate dehydrogenase. It was found that cholinergic activity was mainly exerted by the panaxadiol glycosides. The treatment of the cells with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of panaxadiol glycosides followed by the exposure to atropine, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 60% of untreated control values. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a component of panaxadiol glycosides, was found to exert the cholinergic activity keeping the lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells at 70% of untreated control values. The cholinergic activity of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ seems to be exerted through acting on the $Ca^{2+}$ channel in cultured brain cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.796-805
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• 2015

Gintonin is a novel ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. Oral administration of gintonin ameliorates learning and memory dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal models. The brain cholinergic system plays a key role in cognitive functions. The brains of AD patients show a reduction in acetylcholine concentration caused by cholinergic system impairments. However, little is known about the role of LPA in the cholinergic system. In this study, we used gintonin to investigate the effect of LPA receptor activation on the cholinergic system in vitro and in vivo using wild-type and AD animal models. Gintonin induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i $ transient in cultured mouse hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Gintonin-mediated $[Ca^{2+}]_i $ transients were linked to stimulation of acetylcholine release through LPA receptor activation. Oral administration of gintonin-enriched fraction (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg, 3 weeks) significantly attenuated scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Oral administration of gintonin (25 or 50 mg/kg, 1 2 weeks) also significantly attenuated amyloid-${\beta}$ protein ($A{\beta}$)-induced cholinergic dysfunctions, such as decreased acetylcholine concentration, decreased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and immunoreactivity, and increased acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity. In a transgenic AD mouse model, long-term oral administration of gintonin (25 or 50 mg/kg, 3 months) also attenuated AD-related cholinergic impairments. In this study, we showed that activation of G protein-coupled LPA receptors by gintonin is coupled to the regulation of cholinergic functions. Furthermore, this study showed that gintonin could be a novel agent for the restoration of cholinergic system damages due to $A{\beta}$ and could be utilized for AD prevention or therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 1998

A role of endogenous somatostatin in pancreatic exocrine secretion induced by intrapancreatic cholinergic activation was studied in the isolated rat pancreas perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. Intrapancreatic neurons were activated by electrical field stimulation (EFS: 15 V, 2 msec and 8 Hz). Pancreatic exocrine secretion, including volume flow and amylase output, and release of somatostatin from the pancreas were respectively determined. Somatostatin cells in the islet were stained with an immunoperoxidase method. EFS significantly increased pancreatic volume flow and amylase output, which were reduced by atropine by 59% and 78%, respectively. Intraarterial infusion of either pertussis toxin or a somatostatin antagonist resulted in a further increase in the EFS-evoked pancreatic secretion. EFS also further elevated exocrine secretion in the pancreas treated with cysteamine, which was completely restored by intraarterial infusion of somatostatin. EFS significantly increased not only the number of immunoreactive somatostatin cells in the islet but also the concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin in portal effluent. It is concluded from the above results that intrapancreatic cholinergic activation elevates pancreatic exocrine secretion as well as release of endogenous somatostatin. Endogenous somatostatin exerts an inhibitory influence on exocrine secretion induced by intrapancreatic cholinergic activation via the islet-acinar portal system in the isolated pancreas of the rat.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1995

A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) isolated from the electric tissues of Torpedo californica has been reconstituted into a vesicle comprising a bifunctional azo-ligand (Bae 1) compound, and a liposome containing phospholipids and cholesterol (1 : 1, w/w). The liposome-mediated reconstituted receptor showed a concentration-dependent response to cholinergic drugs in a lithium ion flux assay. This liposome-mediated reconstituted nAchR was immobilized onto an electrode using various synthetic polymers which were tested for their response to the cholinergic ligands. The immobilized nAchR not only exhibited a linear response to a wide range of cholinergic ligand concentrations but also retained an operational stability which lasted for longer than 6 days. Thus, this result provides a basis for application of the immobilized nAchR-based biosensor in detecting cholinergic ligands in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.211-216
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• 1993

To elucidate the action of the cholinergic and ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic nerve on the isolated ileal smooth muscle of the dog, effect a of electrical field stimulation were investigated on the pretreatment of the physostigmine; cholinestrase inhibitor, yohimbine; ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor blocker, atropine ; cholinergic receptor blocker and phentolamine; non-selective $\alpha$-adrenoceptor blocker from physiograph. 1. The contractile response induced by electrical field stimulation was the frequency (2-40 Hz)-dependent manner. 2. The contractile response induced by electrical field stimulation was markedly increased by the pretreatment of physostigmine$(1{\mu}M)$; cholinestrase inhibitor. 3. The contractile response induced by electrical field stimulation was increased by the pretreatment of yohimbine$(1{\mu}M)$; ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor blocker. These finding suggest that it was powerful excitatory action by cholinergic nerve and inhibitory action by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic nerve on ileal smooth muscle of the dog.