• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제13권1_2호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1998

Chlorpyrifos, o,o diethyl-o-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate, is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide. The use of chlorpyrifos has been increased more and more as pesticide. But the effects of chlorpyrifos on the immune alterations has not been yet observed. Therefore, we investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos on the immune alterations in CICA male mice. Chlorpyrifos was administered to mice by a single intraperitoneal injection for the purpose of observing acute effects. On the one hand to get the information on immunopathologic alterations we observed hematological values, counted total circulating leukocytes and assessed the ratio of lymphocytes and neutrophils from the peripheral blood, measured the ratio of organ/body weight and counted splenic cellularity in CBA male mice which treated chlorpyrifos intraperitoneally. But we could not find any significant immunopathologic alterations statistically by a single intraperitoneal injection. Also, the exposure of chlorpyrifos caused no significant change in the number of PFC/10$^6$ spleen cells at any three given doses. On the other hand a singte intraperitoneal injection of chlorpyrifos decreased the lymphocyte proliferation response slightly to ConA or LPS stimulation at a dose of 6 mg/kg b.w. Administrations of chlorpyrifos reduced mixed leukocyte response(MLR). MLR was decreased moderately at doses of 3mg/kg b.w. and 6mg/kg b.w. Therefore, all these findings suggest that chlorpyrifos may alter the immune functions acutely. especially by the changes of T lymphocyte activity.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.310-316
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• 2011

시판되고 있는 26종의 살충제를 이용하여 권연벌레(Lasioderma serricorne)와 어리쌀바구미(Sitophilus zeamais) 성충에 접촉독성 방법인 약제감수성 잔효성에 대해 조사하였다. 권연벌레 성충에 100%의 살충율을 보인 약제는 chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenitrothion, fenthion, phenthoate, cypermethrin, ${\alpha}$-cyhalothrin등 7종이었으며, 어리쌀바구미 성충에 대해 살충율을 보인 약제는 chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenitrothion, fenthion, phenthoate등 5종이었다. 이들 약제의 반수치사농도($LC_{50}$ ppm)를 구한 결과, 권연벌레는 ${\alpha}$-cyhalothrin이 1.46, 어리쌀바구미는 chlorpyrifos-methyl이 0.64로 가장 낮아 독성이 높았다. 잔효성은 권연벌레 성충에 대해서는 chlorpyrifos-methyl이 처리 후 90일, ${\alpha}$-cyhalothrin이 처리 후 9일 경과까지 100% 살충효과를 나타내었다. 어리쌀바구미 성충에 대해서는 chlorpyrifos-methyl이 처리 후 90일, phenthoate가 27일까지 100%의 살충효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2018

Degradation of the insecticide O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate (chlorpyrifos) in aqueous solution was investigated using iron salts and potassium persulfate during ZVI treatment through a series of batch experiments. The degradation rate of chlorpyrifos increased with increases in the concentrations of iron salts and potassium persulfate in the aqueous system. Ferric chloride was found to be the most effective iron salt for the ZVI-mediated degradation of chlorpyrifos in aqueous solution. Further, the iron salts tested could be arranged in the following order in terms of their effectiveness: $FeCl_3$> $Fe_2(SO_4)_3$> $Fe(NO_3)_3$. The persulfate-ZVI system could significantly degrade chlorpyrifos present in the aqueous medium. This revealed that chlorpyrifos degradation by treatment with $Fe^0$ was promoted on adding ferric chloride and potassium persulfate. The kinetics of the degradation of chlorpyrifos by persulfate-amended $Fe^0$ was higher than that for iron-salt-amended $Fe^0$. This suggests that using a sequential $Fe^0$ reduction-ferric chloride or $Fe^0$ reduction-persulfate process may be an effective strategy to enhance the removal of chlorpyrifos in contaminated water.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.307-316
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• 2022

The misuse of pesticides has resulted in environmental pollution, which directly or indirectly affects all life on earth. Chlorpyrifos is a chlorinated organophosphorus pesticide that is commonly used in agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chlorpyrifos on the fertilization function of boar spermatozoa. Sperm samples from boars were subjected to varying concentrations of chlorpyrifos from 10 to 200 µM for two incubation periods, 30 min or 2 hrs. The boar spermatozoa were then evaluated for motility, motion kinematics, viability, acrosome integrity, chromatin stability, and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). There was a significant percentage reduction in sperm motility and motion kinematic parameters after both incubation periods (p < 0.05). The proportion of viable spermatozoa decreased after incubation for 30 min and 2 hrs in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). A significantly lower percentage of normal acrosomes was observed in spermatozoa exposed to 200 µM chlorpyrifos over both incubation periods, compared to the controls. The damage to sperm DNA was significantly higher when the exposure time to chlorpyrifos was longer. There was a significant increase in the ROS levels in spermatozoa incubated with chlorpyrifos for 2 hrs (p < 0.05). From the results of the present study, it is concluded that direct exposure of boar spermatozoa to chlorpyrifos altered boar sperm characteristics, suggesting potential toxicity that may affect the male reproductive function.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.187-198
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• 2002

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide and one of the most commonly and widely used insecticide. However, a little known about the dermal risk of chlorpyrifos on human being. Therefore, this study was conducted for the dermal risk assessment after exposure to chlorpyrifos in Korean farmers. First, skin irritation by chlorpyrifos (10 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 50 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 100 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 250 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in acetone) was determined in rabbits for 5 days considering the usage of chlorpyrifos short term highly exposure. The index of skin irritation by chlorpyrifos was increased in each dose and length of exposure dependent manners. Next, using benchmark dose (BMD$_{5}$) approach, the dose-response relationship was assessed to calculate the reference dose (RfD). The value of RfD was 2.84 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day from 142.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day BMD5 value divided uncertainty factor 50. Finally, we assessed human dermal risk of chlorpyrifos with exposure level and RfD. Skin absorbed levels were assumed with several exposure scenarios encounting the circumstances of exposure that application method, protection equipment and cloth, exposure time and exposure frequency during chlorpyrifos spraying. By the comparison of skin absorbed dose with the reference dose, it was identified that risk values (risk index) to skin chlorpyrifos exposure were 0.958 from the point of above results and it was recommended that the occurrence of hazard effect (skin irritation toxicity) of chlorpyrifos would not be expected. Risk index was smaller than 1 in the case of spraying vehicle mounted application, 1hour exposure time and wearing protective cloth exposure. Whereas, risk index was above 1 in the case of hand-held application, 2hour exposure time and wearing common cloth. Comparing two kinds of application method, total risk index of the hand held application (1.67) was higher than vehicle mounted (0.27). Therefore, chlorpyrifos skin exposure was mainly affected by application equipment and applied form. The results of risk assessment on the human dermal toxicity of chlorpyrifos should be required to control in keeping safety rules, skin surface area available for contact, spraying time ,and spraying frequency.y.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.130-136
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• 2003

사과의 생산단계에서의 잔류허용기준 설정과 최종 소비단계에서의 안전성 평가자료로 활용하기 위하여 사과에 많이 살포되는 살충제 chlorpyrifos 및 살균제 chlorothalonil의 사과 재배기간 중 생물학적 반감기, 보관방법에 따른 잔류량 변화 그리고 부리별 잔류량 분포를 조사하였다. 사과 재배단계에서의 생물학적반감기는 chlorpyrifos 살포 후 15일 chlorothalonil 살포 후 30일까지의 잔류량 변화를 조사한 결과 chlorpyrifos 9.3일, chlorothalonil 32.2일로 나타났다. 사과의 유통과정중에서 일어날 수 있는 두 약제의 잔류량 변화는 실온저장시 chlorpyrifos 35일, chlorothalonil 56.3일이었고, 냉장저장시에는 chlorpyrifos 120.7일, chlorothalonil 182.2일의 반감기를 나타내었다. 사과의 부의별 잔류량을 조사한 결과 chlorpyrifos의 경우 움푹 파인 부위의 과피 77.1%, 나머지 과피 22.8%, 과육 부리에서는 0.1%로 나타났고, chlorothalonil의 경우 움푹 파인 부위의 과피 85.2%, 나머지 과피 10.4%, 과육 부위에서 4.4%로 나타났다. 사과 중 두 약제의 잔류량은 대부분인 $95{\sim}99%$가 과피에 잔류하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.218-224
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• 2006

시판되고 있는 살충제 34종과 개미전문약제 2종에 대해 독이법으로 애집개미 (Monomorium pharaonis) 일개미의 속효성 살충제를 탐색하고, 활성이 있는 약제의 독성을 비교하였다. 식이법에서 100%의 살충 속효성을 나타낸 약제로는 bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, dichlorvos, fenthion, fenitrothion, methidathion, pirimifos-methyl, phenthoate 등 10종이었으며, 선발약제의 $LC_{50}$ (ppm) 값은 pirimifos-methyl (0.33), chlorpyrifos-methyl (0.76), phenthoate (1.70), bifenthrin (1.78), dichlorvos (2.50), cypermethrin (9.92), chlorpyrifos (22.21), fenitrothion (36.58), fenthion (40.96), methidathion (64.34) 순으로 나타났다. Dichlorvos, benfuracarb, cypermethrin의 $LT_{50}$ (일)은 각각 0.25, 0.38, 0.27로 속효성이었으며, boric acid와 hydramethylnon은 각각 3.4와 2.6로 지효성이었다. 지속효과 실험에서 처리후 13일째까지 90%이상의 살충률을 나타낸 약제는 chlorpyrifos-methyl, fenthion, methidathion이었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2002

A selective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the insecticide chlorpyrifos was developed. Four haptens for chlorpyrifos were synthesized and two of them were used as immunogens after coupling to keyhole limpet hemocyanin by two differe nt approaches. Rabbits were immunized with either of them and the sera were screened against 4 haptens coupled to ovalbumin (OVA). Using the sera of highest specificity, an antigencoated ELISA was developed, which shows an I50 of 160 ppb with a detection limit of 10 ppb. An antibody-coated ELISA was also developed, which shows an $I_{50}$ of 20 ppb with a detection limit of 0.1 ppb. The antibodies showed negligible cross-reactivity with other organophosphorus pesticides except for insecticides chlorpyrifos-methyl and bromophos-ethyl, which makes these assays suitable for the selective detection of chlorpyrifos.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.590-594
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• 1989

김치 숙성 중 chlorpyrifos농약 잔류량의 변화를 조사코저, 가정에서 담그는 방법과 동일하게 담근 통배추 김치와, 모델실험으로서 0.025% chlorpyrifos용액에 10초간 침지한 배추로 담근 통배추김치를 각각 $4^{\circ}C$에서 4주간 숙성시키면서 chlorpyrifos 잔류량을 정량한 결과, 1. 농약을 살포하여 재배한 배추로 김치를 담갔을 때, 배추원료에 0.1614ppm의 chlorpyrifos가 잔류되어 있었으나 김치담금시 4회 물세척에 의해 약 57%(0.0938ppm)만이 잔류하였다. 김치를 4주 숙성시킨 결과 원료 배추 잔류량의 6%(0.0099ppm)만이 잔류되었다. 2. 모델실험 결과 김치숙성에 의한 chlorpyrifos의 변화는 1자 감소곡선을 나타내있고 반감기는 약 1.8주였다. 산류 chlorpyrifos는 김치숙성시 효과적으로 분해됨을 알았다. 3. 현재 사용하고 있는 chlorpyrifos의 살포방법에 의한 배추의 잔류농약은 식품안전성에 크게 문제되지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.277-282
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• 1997

파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua(Hubner))에 미치는 chlorpyrifos-methyl(COM)의 화학적 불임효과를 미량국부처리법으로 조사하였다. 아치사량의 CPM이 5령충에 처리됐고 이로부터 형성된 성충의 산란수와 부화율이 분석되었다. CPM이 처리된 암수의 동계교배 집단에선 충체별 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ 처리집단을 제외하고 처리농도의 차이에 따라 산란수의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 부화율은 CPM 처리농도에 따라 CPM 처리 집단이 무처리 동계교배 집단에 비해 뚜렸하게 낮았다. 무처리 암수와 CPM(100$\mu\textrm{g}$/충체)으로 처리된 암수를 상호교배한 두 집단들은 암수 모두 CPM으로 처리된 집단과 같은 낮은 산란수 및 부화율을 보였다. 이는 CPM이 우성치사인자의 화학불임제로서 작용했음을 나타냈다. 또 CPM이 이 해충의 유전방제법을 개발하는데 이용될 수 있음을 시사한다.