• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1993

The possible tumor-promoting activities of sodium chloride (NaCl) and dimethyl itaconate (DMI), one of the quinone reductase inducers, were examined on stomach of male Wistar rats treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Administrations of NaCl and DMI after the initiation by MNNG resulted in various sized masses in the rat forestomach. Histopathologic studies showed that the combination of NaCl and DMI made an enhancing effect on the MNNG-induced carcinogenesis, resulting in papilloma in 5 weeks and squamous cell carcinoma in 20 weeks in submucosal area of forestomach. We also used an in vivo shortterm method for evaluating possible tumor-promoting activity with ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) as a marker. The markable inductions of the ODC activities by MNNG, NaCl, and DMI were found in the pyloric mucosa of rat stomach in time-dependent manners. A single administration of MNNG induced ODC activity up to 288 pmol $CO_2$/hr/mg protein at 24 hr after the administration. NaCl caused induction of ODC with a maximum of 179 pmol $CO_2$/hr/mg protein at 8 hr after the administration. ODC was induced up to 539 pmol $CO_2$/hr/mg protein at 16 hr after the administration of DMI. Additional treatment of NaCl and NaCl plus DMl caused 2 fold and 7 fold increases, respectively, in the ODC activity of the MNNG-alone group at 24 hr after the administration. These results suggest that NaCl and DMI have promoting activities in the rat gastric carcinogenesis initiated by MNNG.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.141-147
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• 2013

Hypoxia has been shown to promote inflammation, including the release of proinflammatory cytokines, but it is poorly investigated how hypoxia directly affects inflammasome signaling pathways. To explore whether hypoxic stress modulates inflammasome activity, we examined the effect of cobalt chloride ($CoCl_2$)-induced hypoxia on caspase-1 activation in primary mixed glial cultures of the neonatal mouse brain. Unexpectedly, hypoxia induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation or $CoCl_2$ treatment failed to activate caspase-1 in microglial BV-2 cells and primary mixed glial cultures. Of particular interest, $CoCl_2$-induced hypoxic condition considerably inhibited NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation in mixed glial cells, but not in bone marrow-derived macrophages. $CoCl_2$-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activity was also observed in the isolated brain microglial cells, but $CoCl_2$ did not affect poly dA:dT-triggered AIM2 inflammasome activity in mixed glial cells. Our results collectively demonstrate that $CoCl_2$-induced hypoxia may negatively regulate NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in brain glial cells, but its physiological significance remains to be determined.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1-21
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• 1981

Exterior grades of Douglas-fir and aspen plywood were impregnated with interior fire-retardant chemicals and redried under low-, intermediate-, and high-temperature drying conditions. Fire-retardant treatments included borax-boric acid, chromated zinc chloride, minalith, pyresote, and a commercial formulation. Drying processes included kiln and press-drying. Evaluated were drying rates and defects generated. The borax-boric acid and the commercial treatments redried at rates similar to water-treated controls. Other salt treatments were significantly slower drying and more defect prone. Chromated zinc chloride treatment was consistently the slowest drying and most defect prone. Press drying was three times faster at an equivalent temperature level. However, thickness shrinkage doubled because of 50 1b/in. platen pressure.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2009

The efficacy of the combination of Burkholderia cepacia B23 with 0.75% chitosan and 3% calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) as a biocontrol treatment of anthracnose disease of papaya caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was evaluated during storage. The growth of B. cepacia B23 in papaya wounds and on fruit surfaces was not affected in presence of chitosan and $CaCl_2$ or combination throughout the storage period. The combination of B. cepacia B23 with chitosan-$CaCl_2$ was more effective in controlling the disease than either B. cepacia B23 or chitosan or other combination treatments both in inoculated and naturally infected fruits. Combining B. cepacia B23 with chitosan-$CaCl_2$ gave the complete control of anthracnose infection in artificially inoculated fruits stored at $14^{\circ}C$ and 95% RH for 18 days, which was similar to that obtained with fungicide $benocide^{(R)}$. Moreover, this combination offered a greater control by reducing 99% disease severity in naturally infected fruits at the end of 14 days storage at $14^{\circ}C$ and 95% RH and six days post ripening at $28\pm2^{\circ}C$, which was superior to that found with $benocide^{(R)}$ or other treatments tested. Thus, postharvest application of B. cepacia B23 with chitosan-$CaCl_2$ as enhancers represents a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides for the control of anthracnose in papaya during storage.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1999

The biodegradation of algae coagulated with poly aluminum chloride(PAC) was investigated by using the thermophilic oxic process. The compositions of coagulated algae were 83.5% of water content, 24.6% of ash, 32% of organic carbon with in total solid, respectively. In present study, food waste oil was used for the increment of calorie of mixtures in order to accelate the microbial activity. As a result, the maximum temperature of mixtures was higher than $50^{\circ}C$ when the mixing ratio of food oil was over 10%. However the temperature indicated the lower than $50^{\circ}C$ when conditions of no mixing with waste food oil, and 5% of mixing ratio. Therefore, the optimum condition was 10% of the mixing ration at $217l{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}min^{-1}$ of air supply rate. The conversion efficiency of carbon was highest as 92% at the optimum condition. And then water was evaluated from imxture without accumulation at 10% of mixing ratio. The thermophilic oxic process well conducted that is good process for the treatment of waste algae without effluents however it has to consider the retreatment of accumulated aluminum in the reactor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1473-1478
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted to investigate the mechanism for the effect of tetrabasic zinc chloride (TBZC) in enhancing growth performance of weanling piglets. Gut-brain peptides play an important role in the regulation of growth and appetite in animals. This study evaluated the effects of TBZC on blood concentrations of growth hormone (GH), ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), cholecystokinin (CCK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Seventy-two weanling piglets (Landrace$\times$Large White) with an initial body weight (BW) of $6.7{\pm}0.16kg$ and aged $24{\pm}1days$ were assigned to three dietary treatments: i) control diet without TBZC supplement, ii) the control diet supplemented with 2,000 mg Zn from TBZC/kg and iii) TBZC-supplemented diet pair-fed with respect to the control diet. Each treatment had six replications (pens) of four piglets. At the end of a 14-d experimental period, piglets were weighed and feed consumption was measured, and blood samples were collected for assays of GH, ghrelin, IGF-I, CCK and NPY concentrations. The inclusion of TBZC in the diet increased average daily gain (p<0.01), average daily feed intake (p<0.05), and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). Pair-fed piglets had higher ADG, and lower FCR than (p<0.05) Control piglets. Supplementation of the diet with TBZC increased (p<0.05) serum GH and plasma ghrelin levels in weanling piglets, but did not affect (p>0.05) serum IGF-I and plasma NPY and CCK concentrations. Pair-fed piglets had lower (p<0.05) serum GH levels than TBZC-supplemented piglets, but did not (p>0.05) differ from Control piglets. These data indicated that TBZC elevated the concentration of ghrelin and GH. This observation may partly explain the beneficial effects of TBZC on growth performance of weanling piglets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.775-780
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• 2008

Sludge conditioning is widely used to improve aggregation and dewaterability of waste sludge in sludge treatment processes. The study aims to examine quantitative correlations between coagulant dosage and sludge cake dewaterability using three kinds of coagulants, such as an aluminum sulfate, a ferric chloride, and a poly aluminum chloride(PAC). When an aluminum sulfate, a ferric chloride, and a PAC were injected with 0.79$\sim$1.19 mmol/g, 0.61$\sim$1.25 mmol/g TSS, and 0.21$\sim$0.39 mmol/g TSS, respectively, specific resistances to filtration of the sludge were decreased at 95.0% or more. This study shows that the correlation between coagulant dosage per g sludge(D) and normalized specific resistance to filtration(R) could be expressed by the exponential functions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2007

The effect of ratio between chemical activating agent and raw material in the preparation of activated carbons from wood has been studied. Pinus koraiensis wood and zinc chloride ($ZnCl_2$) were used for materials in this study. Mixtures of wood and zinc chloride were heated under nitrogen flow in the temperature ranging from room-temperature to $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr using thermogravimetric technique. During heat treatment, activated carbons with various pore size and specific surface properties were obtained. The maximum BET surface area and total pore volume were $1468m^2/g$ and 1.74 cc/g, respectively, at the mixture ratio of 1 (wood powder) to 5 ($ZnCl_2$). It can be concluded that the differences in the properties of the activated carbons were related significantly with the ratio of chemical activating regent.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1081-1086
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• 2017

The present study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the growth response of Dracaena braunii treated with chloride ions and to evaluate its salt tolerance. Distilled water (CON) was spiked with 1 (C1), 2 (C2), 5 (C5), 10 (C10) and 15 g/L (C15) $CaCl_2$, respectively. Acidity (pH) and electrical conductivity of hydroponic solution, and leaf width, leaf length, root length, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight and the water content of Dracaena braunii were measured. Acidity and electrical conductivity remarkably increased commensurate with increasing concentrations of $CaCl_2$. Growth in the C1 treatment was better than that in CON, whereas the C10 or C15 treatments caused either slow growth or withering of the plants. Fresh weight, dry weight and water content were significantly decreased in response to $CaCl_2$ concentration, compared with those in the control. These results showed that $CaCl_2$ concentration less than 1 g/L may be used as a hydroponic solution for D. braunii, as long as the water quality is not too saline. The chlorine ion has a negative effect on the growth.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.168-179
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• 2020

Objective: This study investigated testicular oxidative stress status and physiomorphological function in Wistar rats fed with yaji and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). Methods: Sixty male albino Wistar rats (12 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: group I (control), group II (300 mg/kg.bw of yaji), group III (500 mg/kg.bw of yaji), group IV (2.5 mg/kg.bw of CdCl₂), and group V (2.5 mg/kg.bw of yaji+4 mg/kg.bw omega-3). Each group was evenly subdivided into two subgroups and treatment was administered for 14 days and 42 days, respectively. Semen quality (sperm count, progressive motility, normal morphology, and gonadosomatic index), hormones (testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone), testicular oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malonaldehyde) and testicular histomorphological features were examined. Results: Yaji caused significant (p< 0.05) dose- and duration-dependent reductions in semen quality, the gonadosomatic index, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Yaji also caused significant (p< 0.05) dose- and duration-dependent decreases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as increased testicular malonaldehyde levels. Yaji induced distortions in the testicular histological architecture. CdCl₂ damaged testicular function by significantly (p< 0.05) reducing semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, and oxidative stress markers in albino Wistar rats. CdCl₂ also altered the histology of the testis. Conclusion: This study shows that yaji sauce has similar anti-fertility effects to those of CdCl₂, as it adversely interferes with male reproduction by impairing oxidative stress markers and the function and morphological features of the testis.