• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2017

Thermally expandable microspheres were used as post-treatment initiators of potassium persulfate, sodium bisulfite, and sodium sulfide in order to improve the foaming ability and whiteness when foaming a mixture of thermally expandable microsphers and poly(vinyl chloride). Potassium persulfate showed no significant influence on the foaming behavior, foam expansion, whiteness, and yellowing, whereas in the case of using sodium bisulfite. In particular, sodium bisulfite demonstrated the best efficiency with 2 wt% treatment. The thermally expandable microspheres prepared herein can provide excellent foamability and whiteness, and are expected to be applicable in various fields such as general coating and wallpaper.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1240-1247
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• 2019

This study was conducted to examine the inactivation effect of the combined treatment of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP; 400 MPa for 1, 3, and 5 min) and cationic surfactant washing (0.05% benzethonium chloride, BEC) against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on fresh-cut broccoli (FCB). Washing with BEC at concentrations exceeding 0.05% resulted in 2.3 log-reduction of L. monocytogenes counts on FCB, whereas HHP treatment had approximately 5.5-5.6 log-reductions regardless of the treatment time. Scanning electron microscopy corroborated microbial enumeration, revealing that the combined treatment was more effective in removing L. monocytogenes from FCB than individual treatment with HHP or BEC. Color and total glucosinolate content were maintained after the combined treatment, although the hardness of the FCB slightly decreased. The results clearly suggest that the combined treatment of HHP and BEC washing has potential value as a new sanitization method to improve the microbial safety of FCB.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.981-987
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• 2014

Foeniculum vulgare has long been prescribed in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of the fruits of F. vulgare on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells under non-cytotoxic ($100{\mu}g/ml$) conditions. The 80% methanol extract was subsequently partitioned successively with hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, and the fractions so obtained were also examined for their anti-inflammatory effects. Among them, the hexane, methylene chloride, and ethyl acetate fractions inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in LPS stimulated macrophages. The methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions also suppressed the productions of interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 by down-regulating their mRNA levels in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction strongly suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ at the protein and mRNA levels in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These observations suggest that the anti-inflammatory actions of F. vulgare are due to inhibitions of the productions of NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.1 s.37
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• pp.13-25
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• 1992

This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism of protective effect by sodium selenite in methylmercuric chloride neurotoxicity, increasing intracellular $Ca^{2+}$concentration of the neuron. Methylmercuric chloride of 3mg/kg of body weight was administered simultaneously with sodium selenite of 5mg/kg and pretreatment of sodium selenite via intraperitoneal injection to rats. Also, effect of methylmercuric chloride($25{\mu}M,\;50{\mu}M,\;100{\mu}M$) and sodium selenite($200{\mu}M$) on free intrasynaptosomal $Ca^{2+}$ concentration were studied using the fluorescent $Ca^{2+}$ indicator fura -2 in vitro. After the treatment, at 6, 24, and 48 hours later, mercury in the cerebral cortex, liver and kidney tissues, succlnic dehydrogenase activities, adenosin-5'-triphosphate concentration, acetylcholinesterase activities, and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in the cerebral cortex were determined in vivo. Cerebral synaptosomes of rats were incubated with methylmercuric chloride and sodium selenite in Hepes buffer for 10 minutes and free intrasynaptosomal $Ca^{2+}$ concentration were measured with fura-2 in vitro. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The combined administration of $CH_3HgCl$ and $Na_2SeO_3$ and pretreatment of $Na_2SeO_3$ according to time significantly more increased in the cerebral cortex and decreased in the liver, kidney mercury concentrations compared to the administration of $CH_3HgCl$ only. 2. The combined administration of $CH_3HgCl$ and $Na_2SeO_3$ and pretreatment of $Na_2SeO_3$ increased more succinic dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase activities compared to the administration of $CH_3HgCl$ only. Particularly pretreatment of $Na_2SeO_3$ significantly more compared to the administration of $CH_3HgCl$ only. The concentration of adenosine-5'-triphosphate in $Na_2SeO_3$ treatment groups revealed a favourable effect compared to the administration of $CH_3HgCl$ only. 3. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in administration of $CH_3HgCl$ only was increased significantly more than control group in all test hours but was increased significantly more at 48 hours only after treatment in combined administration of $CH_3HgCl$ and $Na_2SeO_3$ and pretreatment of $Na_2SeO_3$ according to time interval more decreased significantly intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration compared to the administration of $CH_3HgCl$ only. 4. Free intrasynaptosomal $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in the combined administration of $CH_3HgCl$ and $Na_2SeO_3$ was decreased ($24%{\sim}40%$) significantly more than the administration of $CH_3HgCl$ only. From the above results, the specific dosage of $Na_2SeO_3$ decreased increment of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration induced by administration of $CH_3HgCl$. These findings suggest the protective mechanism of $Na_2SeO_3$ on the neurotoxicity of $CH_3HgCl$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.212-217
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• 2010

Soil pollution by heavy metals has become a significant environmental concern due to a variety of human activities. Specially toxicity caused by excessive mercury exposure is now being recognized as a widespread environmental problem and is continuing to attract a great deal of public concerns. The earthworms are very important animals that aerate the soil with their burrowing action and enrich the soil by decomposing organic matters. Especially the earthworm Eisenia fetida is routinely used in ecotoxicological studies. The levels of DNA damage in earthworms treated with HgCl2 and ionizing radiation were investigated in this study. Genotoxic effects were evaluated in the earthworm's coelomocytes using the comet assay (Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis; SCGE). The results showed that the mercury chloride and radiation were responsible for the genotoxic effects on earthworms. The level of DNA damage significantly increased after the treatment of mercury chloride combined with ionizing radiation. The combined treatment of $HgCl_2$ and ionizing radiation had a greater genotoxicity. This study is amenable to further study such as enzyme activation assay.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.117-133
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• 2008

Objectives : Since ancient times, Koreans have applied medicinal spabaths for treatment of various diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of strontium, one of the common ingredients of such baths, experimentally on acute skin barrier damage. Materials and Methods : Male hairless mice, average weight 20g, were divided into six groups. Each group consisted of five mice. The first was the normal, non-treated group. The second was the control group with acute skin barrier damage intentionally induced by TS. The third was the Ba-Sr1 group bathed in 1mg/L strontium chloride before and after inducing acute skin barrier damage by TS. The fourth was the Ba-Sr7 group bathed in 7mg/L strontium chloride before and after inducing acute skin barrier damage by TS. The fifth was the Sr1 group bathed in 1mg/L of strontium chloride only after intentionally inducing acute skin barrier damage by TS. The sixth was the Sr7 group bathed in 7mg/L of strontium chloride only after intentionally inducing acute skin barrier damage by TS. External changes of skin, skin erythema level, transepidermal water loss level, and GOT and GPT level of each group were checked immediately before and after TS, 3 hrs, 5 hrs and 24 hrs after inducing acute skin barrier damage. Then, tissue samples were made and examined for damage to epithelial cells, stratum corneum, change of mucous polysaccharide in dermis and amount of mast cells. Statistical analysis was performed by one way-ANOVA, Scheffe and Duncan for a post hoc test and pairwise comparison for comparing for difference between each time. Statistical significance was achieved if the probability was less than 5% (p<0.05) Results : 1. From skin erythema and TEWL level indicating the function of the skin barrier, we can know that it is helpful to the skin barrier to bathe in a water solution including a low concentration of strontium. 2. In the control group with acute skin barrier damage induced by TS, skin barrier damage persisted until 3-5 hrs and recovered after 5-24 hrs. Differently from the control group, in the case of taking a bath in a water solution including strontium, skin barrier damage recovered after only 3-5 hrs. Therefore, the bath with a water solution including strontium can promote recovery of the skin barrier. 3. Bathing in water solution including a higher concentration of strontium was more beneficial to recovery of skin barrier damage. 4. There was no influence on serum GOT and GPT from bathing in a water solution including strontium. Conclusions : The strontium was effective for recovery and mitigation of acute skin barrier damage induced by tape stripping. I suggest that strontium (Sr) can be used as an external treatment medicine, addedinto bath water to treat acute skin barrier damage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.249-254
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• 1986

An experiment was performed to investigate the combined effect of preservatives and the synergistic effect of sodium chloride to them on the inhibition of bacterial growth. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were cultured with or without shaking in liquid media (pH 6) of tryptone-glucose-yeast extract or tryptic soy broth which contained 0.1% potassium sorbate and/or 0.03% sodium benzoate, equivalent to half of the maximum permissible levels, respectively. The growth of E. coli was more inhibited with one or both of the two preservatives by shaking culture than by non-shaking culture. For S. typhimurium the single treatment of the preservatives did not show inhibitory effect whereas the combined treatment of them showed bacteriostatic effect in shaking culture and a prolongation of lag phase in non-shaking culture. Addition of 2% sodium chloride to either potassium sorbate or potassium sorbate plus sodium benzoate remarkably increased the growth inhibition of E. coli for non-shaking cultivation but no effect observed for shaking cultivation. S. typhimurium was more sensitive to the addition of sodium chloride than E. coli in both shaking and non-shaking culture to show lower viable cell counts than initial numbers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.998-1002
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• 2003

Agricultural foodstuffs, usually consumed without sterilization, are frequently contaminated with foodborne pathogen B. cereus. Ethanol and sodium chloride were used to inhibit this pathogen for its effective control. Though five minutes of exposure to 20% ethanol did not inhibit the growth of B. cereus, inhibition was detected to 30% ethanol solution. As exposed longer, B. cereus was more effectively inhibited than E. coli and S. typhimurium. B. cereus, E. coli and S. typhimurium were not inhibited when exposed in a 10% sodium chloride solution for five minutes. However, these bacteria were inhibited with a combination of 10% sodium chloride and 20% ethanol solution for five minutes. Much synergistic growth inhibition on B. cereus was found at the treatment. Its viable count was reduced from $10^8cfu/ml$ to $10^2cfu/ml$ after five minutes and showed no count after ten minutes. This trend was also confirmed for the wild types of B. cereus. This method may be applied for the effective pre-treatment of many agricultural foodstuffs, especially uncooked foodstuffs, without the hazards that accompany special sanitizers and the nutritional loss from harsh sterilization.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: During the winter, the use of deicers was rapidly increased for reduction of traffic accidents as well as injuries in Korea, whose components are largely comprised of calcium chloride and sodium chloride. Recently, to reduce the adverse effects of chloride-deciers such as pollution of water and soil, and decrease of agricultural productivity, the attention of eco-friendly deciers have been increased. This study aimed to investigate biological effects of magnesium chloride deicer (PC-10) and organic acid deicer (EFD-1) against wheat, barley, and spinach. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the effect of two deciers, PC-10 and EFD-1 on the seed germination and growth of wheat, barley and spinach. EFD-1 showed higher suppression of the germination than PC-10 among tested crop seeds. In demage index of the seedlings of the crops, there was no symptoms in spinach such as spotting and color change of leaves. EFD-1 showed much stronger inhibitory effect on the germination of tested crop seeds than PC-10 when crops were exposed continuously to tested deciers in soils. The growth and shoot and root in examined crops was relatively higher in PC-10 treatment than in EFD-1 treatment when compared to the control. The biomass decrease was found in all examined conditions of deciers. PC-10 showed 23-35% reduction of biomass whereas EFD-1 exhibited 39-84% loss in all examined crops at over 2% concentration. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the effects of deicers used in this study by inputting into soil against growing tested crops cause the reduction of germination of seeds, growth, and biomass compared to the control.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1309-1313
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• 2015

The effects of Houttuynia cordata powder on the growth performance of ducks were investigated. Ninety ducks were assigned into one of three dietary treatments as a completely randomized design for 6 weeks: feeds supplemented with 1% or 2% H. cordata and a control group. No significant difference was observed in feed conversion among the three groups (p > 0.05), but addition of H. cordata had a significantly positive effect (p < 0.05) on initial and final body weight, weight gain, and feed intake of the ducks. Furthermore, the effects of chemical treatment (comprising 50 g and 100 g aluminum chloride [$AlCl_3$] per kilogram litter) on the ammonia ($NH_3$) flux in duck litters were also investigated. Duck litter was treated with $AlCl_3$ at a depth of 8 cm by top-dressing; this resulted in a significant difference on $NH_3$ flux (p < 0.05) during the experimental period (but not at 2 weeks). $NH_3$ flux at 6 weeks were reduced by 25.4% and 37.5% by treatment with 1% and 2% H. cordata, respectively, compared with the control groups. In conclusion, enriching the diets of the ducks with 2% H. cordata and adding 100 g $AlCl_3$ to their litter has beneficial effects on increasing their growth performance and reducing $NH_3$ flux in their environment.