• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2009

Chloride induced corrosion of steel reinforcement inside concrete is a major concern for concrete structures exposed to a marine environment. It is well known that transport of chloride ions in concrete occurs mainly through ionic/molecular diffusion, as a gradient of chloride concentration in the concrete pore solution is set. In the process of chloride transport, a portion of chlorides are bound in cement matrix then to be removed in the pore solution, and thus only the rest of chlorides which are not bound (i.e. free chlorides) leads the ingress of chlorides. However, since the measurement of free/bound chloride content is much susceptible to environmental conditions, chloride profiles expressed in total chlorides are evaluated to use in many studies In this study, the capacity of chloride binding in cement matrix was monitored for 150 days and then quantified using the Langmuir isotherm to determine the portions of free chlorides and bound chlorides at given total chlorides and the redistribution of free chlorides. Then, the diffusion of chloride ion in concrete was modeled by considering the binding capacity for the prediction of chloride profiles with the redistribution. The predicted chloride profiles were compared to those obtained from conventional model. It was found that the prediction of chloride profiles obtained by the model has shown slower diffusion than those by the conventional ones. This reflects that the prediction by total chloride may overestimate the ingress of chlorides by neglecting the redistribution of free chlorides caused by the binding capacity of cement matrix. From the evaluation, it is also shown that the service life prediction using the free chloride redistribution model needs different expression for the chloride threshold level which is expressed by the total chlorides in the conventional diffusion model.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 1966

The effect of temperature on the critical micelle concentration of dodecylpyridinium chloride has been determined by electrical conductance method over the range from $5^{\circ}C\;to\;50^{\circ}C$. The values of the change in heat content, ${\Delta}H_m$, and the other thermodynamic parameters have been estimated using the equation of temperature dependence on the critical micelle concentration for the same temperature range. The significance of these thermodynamic quantities and their relations to the various current theories of micelle forming processes were discussed.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2003

최근 영종도신공항, 서해대교, 원자력발전소 등 열악한 환경에 노출되는 구조물들의 건설이 증가되면서 구조물의 내구성 확보에 관한 관심이 커지고 있는 실정이다. 특히 철근부식과 관련하여 콘크리트 구조물의 성능저하에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 염해에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 그 동안 주로 염소이온 단일열화에 대한 연구는 많았으나 염소이온과 황산염 등이 복합으로 작용하는 경우 등 복합열화에 대한 연구는 찾아보기 어려운 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 이러한 단일염소이온 만이 아니라 염소이온과 황산염 이온이 복합된 환경하에서 콘크리트 구조물의 성능저하 현상을 규명하고 이들의 상호영향을 연구하는데 목적을 두고 두 가지 경우에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 단일 염소이온이 존재하는 경우보다 황산염 이온이 동시에 작용하는 경우 염소이온 침투량이 증가하였으며, 모든 조건에서 표면염소이온의 농도는 시간에 따라 증가하고 반면에 확산계수는 시간에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 플라이애시를 사용한 경우 모든 배합과 노출환경에서 확산계수가 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 실험결과에 따라 표면염소이온의 농도와 확산계수의 시간의존성을 예측하는 식을 제시하였으며, 이들의 영향을 고려한 염소이온 침투 예측식을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 해수 등과 같이 염소이온 및 황산염 이온이 복합 작용하는 경우 장기적인 염소이온 침투량을 예측하는 데 참고자료가 될 것으로 사료되며, 정확한 예측을 위해서는 이를 통한 진전된 복합환경하의 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 보통포틀랜드시멘트(OPC: ordinary Portland cement), 플라이애쉬(PFA: pulverised fly ash), 고로슬래그미분말(GGBFS: ground granulated blast furnace slag), 실리카퓸(SF: Silica fume)등의 각종 결합재를 적용한 시멘트 페이스트의 염소이온 고정화능력에 관하여 연구하였다. 각각의 사용 시멘트 페이스트는 40%의 물/결합재로 PFA, GGBFS 및 SF 혼화제의 각기 다른 치환률을 갖도록 하였으며 미리 혼합수내에 결합재 중량당 0.1~0.3%의 염소이온을 배합수내에 혼입 포함시켜 배합되어 제조되었다. 염소이온의 측정은 7일간 양생 후 수분 추출 방법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 실험을 통해 염소이온 고정화 능력이 결합재 종류 및 치환률에 의존하고 있음을 확인하였고, 총 염소이온량의 증가는 염소이온 고정화능력을 제한하여 결론적으로 염소이온 고정화를 감소시키고 있음을 보였다. 본 연구에서 최대 30%의 치환율을 가진 PFA와 60%의 치환률을 가진 GGBFS의 경우는 OPC보다 염소이온고정화 능력이 작았으며, SF의 치환률의 증가는 고정화를 감소시키고 있음을 확인하였으며, 이는 포졸란계 재료의 잠재 수화반응 혹은 공극수의 pH 저하등의 이유로 판단된다. 재령 7일에서의 염소이온의 고정화능력은 염해부식에 대한 저항성으로 나타내어지며, 염분을 혼입한 경우의 고정화능력의 순서는 30%PFA > 10%SF > 60%GGBFS > OPC로 나타났다. 더욱이 염소이온의 고정화 거동은 Langmuir isotherm 및 Freundlich isotherm으로 잘 표현될 수 있음을 보였다.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.129-137
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• 1994

해양환경하에 있는 콘크리트 구조물의 열화를 알아보고 철근의 부식 정도를 추정하기 위한 연구내용으로서 콘크리트 중에 철근을 묻은 공시체를 제작하여 간만의 차가 있는 해변에 1년 동안 노출시킨 상태로 시험을 실시 하여 콘크리트 중의 가용성 염분량, 철근의 자연전위값 및 철근의 부식정도에 대하여 고찰하였다. 본 연구 결과 콘크리트 중의 가용성 염분량은 물-시멘트비가 낮을수록, 혼화재를 혼입할 경우 적게 나타났으며 가용성 염분량이 클수록 철근의 부식이 크게 나타났다. 철근 부식의 정도가 심할수록 자연전위값이 감소하였으며 자연전위와 부식면적율과는 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2008

This study were predicted the corrosion threshold reached at steel reinforcement in latex modified concrete(LMC) which were applied the agricultural hydraulic concrete structures. Accelerated testing was accomplished to the evaluate the diffusion coefficient of LMC mix, and the time dependent constants of diffusion. Also, the average chloride diffusion coefficient was estimated. From the average chloride ion diffusion coefficient, the time which critical chloride contents at depth of reinforcement steel was estimated. Test results indicated that the corrosion threshold reached at reinforcement in LMC were effected on the mix proportion factor including cement contents, latex content, and water-cement ratio. Especially, the average chloride diffusion coefficient, the corrosion threshold reached at reinforcement in LMC were affected by the all mix proportion factor.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.27-33
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• 1986

Atmospheric particulate matter (A. P. M.) was collected and size-fractionated by an Andersen high-volume air sampler over 15 month period from Jan. 1985 to Feb. 1986 in Seoul. The concentration of chloride, nitrate and sulfate were extracted in an ultrasonic bath and were analyzed by ion chromatography. The annual arithmetical mean of A. P. M. was 128.54 $\mug/m^3$. The concentration of anions were 2.88 $\mug/m^3$ for chloride, 3.86$\mug/m^3$ for nitrate, and 25.44$\mug/m^3$ for sulfate. The content of A. P. M. was lowest in the particle size range 1.1 $\sim 3.3\mum$ and increased as the particle size increased or decreased. And the anions exhibited a seasonal variation in the isize distribution. The contents of anions were higher in winter than summer. Ther ratio of fine particles to the total particles defined by F/T for chloride, nitrate and sulfate. The F\ulcornerT of these anion generally decrease with increasing air temperature. This tendency was prevalent in the chloride and nitrate.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.109-112
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• 2010

Part I of this study was devoted to the electrical accelerated chloride diffusion in mortars. In this second part, natural chloride diffusion has been investigated for four types of mortars under exposure to a 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution for a period of up to 35 days. Two different types of sand were used for the production of test samples: siliceous sand (used as a reference) and limestone sand (used in this study). The effect of water to cement ratio and exposure time on the diffusion coefficients of mortars was also investigated. In this study, the total and free chloride content and penetration depth of mortar were measured after immersion, and Fick's second law of diffusion was fitted to the experimental data to determine the diffusion coefficient. Their results show that the use of crushed limestone sand in mortar had a positive effect on the chloride resistance. The apparent diffusion coefficient in all specimens was smaller than that in siliceous sand mortar. However, the chloride penetration of these mortars was increased as exposure time progressed.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.587-607
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• 2012

The purpose of this research is to propose a design technique of concrete mix proportions satisfying service life through genetic algorithm (GA) and neural network (NN). For this, thirty mix proportions and the related diffusion coefficients in high performance concrete are analyzed and fitness function for diffusion coefficient is obtained considering mix components like w/b (water to binder ratio), cement content, mineral admixture (slag, flay ash and silica fume) content, sand and coarse aggregate content. Through averaging the results of 10 times GA simulations, relative errors to the previous data decrease lower than 5.0% and the simulated mix proportions are verified with the experimental results. Assuming the durability design parameters, intended diffusion coefficient for intended service life is derived and mix proportions satisfying the service life are obtained. Among the mix proportions, the most optimized case which satisfies required concrete strength and the lowest cost is selected through GA algorithm. The proposed technique would be improved with the enhancement of comprehensive data set including wider the range of diffusion coefficients.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

Five low molar ratio urea-formaldehyde (LUF) resins were synthesized in this study. The effects of molar ratio, free formaldehyde content, and catalysts on the curing characteristics of LUF resins were studied by measuring its free formaldehyde content, pH value change after catalysts added, curing rate, and pot life, observing its cured appearance, and analyzing its thermal behavior. The results indicate that: 1) The LUF resin with lower molar ratio than 1.0 can still cure; 2) Free formaldehyde content is not the main factor in affecting curing rate of LUF resin; 3) Compared with ammonium chloride as a traditional catalyst, persulfate salts markedly accelerate the curing rate of LUF resin, and result in the different appearance; 4) the addition of sodium chloride to catalysts can accelerate the curing rate of LUF resin, but the effect is moderate.