• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2005

Although increasing number of children are being raised by grandparents these days, little research exists on the development of the children in this arrangement. This study aimed at examining school adjustment of the children raised by grandparents, by comparing academic achievement and general classroom and school behaviors of the children in grandparent families with those of their peers from other types of families such as two-parents, single parent, kinship and institution care, and single parent with grandparent(s). Three hundred and twenty four 2nd graders md two hundred ninety eight 5th graders were surveyed for this study. It was found that children raised solely by grandparents did quite well, relative to children in traditional families where two parents were present. Children from single-parent families were significantly worse in school achievement and study habits than children in traditional nuclear families. Girls obtained higher scores on school achievement and study habits whereas they showed lower scores on problem behaviors than boys. There was also an interaction effect between family structure and gender of child in school achievement.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.429-446
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• 2017

The current study aims to identify factors associated with private tutoring of college students in Korea. For this purpose, this study used the Korean Education and Employment Panel survey, which contains items regarding whether or not college students receive private tutoring as well as the monthly costs of private lessons. The current study focuses on private English lessons due to the very low response rates of other types of private tutoring. For the analysis, the 5th wave of KEEP collected in 2008 was selected, and a Heckman selection model was employed, including three categories of variables: individual, school, and parent/household factors. The results have revealed that for the selection model (receiving private English tutoring or not), having received private lessons in high school, gender, and level of satisfaction regarding the respondent's current university were significant. In terms of the outcome model (cost for private English tutoring in college), university admission type (rolling vs. regular), living with parents, school type (4-yr university vs. others), being in debt to cover private lesson fees in high school, and monthly household income had significant effects. This article also discusses the results and implications for future research and policy makers.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.872-879
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• 2010

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is a frequent disease for which optimal diagnostic methods are still being defined. Treatment of OSA in children should include providing space, improving craniofacial growth, resolving all symptoms, and preventing the development of the disease in the adult years. Adenotonsillectomy (T&A) has been the treatment of choice and thought to solve young patient's OSA problem, which is not the case for most adults. Recent reports showed success rates that vary from 27.2% to 82.9%. Children snoring regularly generally have a narrow maxilla compared to children who do not snore. The impairment of nasal breathing with increased nasal resistance has a well-documented negative impact on early childhood maxilla-mandibular development, making the upper airway smaller and might lead to adult OSA. Surgery in young children should be performed as early as possible to prevent the resulting morphologic changes and neurobehavioral, cardiovascular, endocrine, and metabolic complications. Close postoperative follow-up to monitor for residual disease is equally important. As the proportion of obese children has been increasing recently, parents should be informed about the weight gain after T&A. Multidisciplinary evaluation of the anatomic abnormalities in children with OSA leads to better overall treatment outcome.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2015

목적 본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 1-4학년생인 학령 초기 아동의 부모를 대상으로 아동의 휴대전화 중독 정도를 알아보고, 개인적 특성과 부모 관련 특성이 휴대전화 중독 정도에 미치는 영향을 파악하는 것이다. 방법 초등학교 1-4학년 아동의 부모 163명을 대상으로 아동의 휴대전화 중독 정도 및 자기 통제력과 부모의 휴대전화 중독 정도 및 휴대전화 사용 통제에 대한 설문지를 작성하도록 하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS/WIN 19.0 IBM 프로그램을 사용하여 t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient 및 stepwise multiple regression으로 검정하였다. 결과 학령 초기 아동의 휴대전화 중독 정도를 표준점수에 따라 분류하면, 일반 사용군이 86.5%, 위험 사용군이 9.2%, 고위험 사용군이 4.3%였다. 아동의 휴대전화 중독 정도는 아동의 게임 여부와 부모의 월수입에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 또한 아동의 휴대전화 중독 정도는 부모의 휴대전화 사용 정도와 순 상관관계가 있었고, 아동의 자기 통제력 및 부모의 휴대전화 사용 통제와 역 상관관계가 있었다. 학령 초기 아동의 휴대전화 중독에 영향을 미치는 요인은 아동의 자기 통제력, 아동의 게임 여부, 부모의 휴대전화 중독 정도 및 부모의 휴대전화 사용 통제였으며, 이들 요인의 설명력은 24%였다. 결론 학령 초기 아동의 휴대전화 중독 정도는 개인적 특성뿐 아니라 부모 관련 특성에 의해 영향을 받는다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 따라서 학령초기 아동의 올바른 휴대전화 사용을 위한 중재방안과 부모교육 프로그램을 개발하여 실시할 때 개인적 특성뿐 아니라 부모 관련 특성을 고려해야 한다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.154-162
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• 2020

Purpose: The Cow's Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS^TM), which considers crying, regurgitation, stools, skin and respiratory symptoms, was developed as an awareness tool for evaluating cow's milk-related symptoms. The scoring ranges from 0 to 33. A score ≥12 was proposed as being likely cow's milk-related and suggestive of allergy to cow's milk. This study aimed to determine the age-related CoMiSS^TM values in presumed healthy infants in Poland. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in well-child clinics in two locations. Parents of the presumed healthy infants aged ≤6 months were approached during a routine checkup/vaccination visit. The exclusion criteria were as follows: presence of acute or chronic diseases, preterm delivery, treatment with therapeutic formula, and use of any food supplements (except vitamins) or medications. Results: Data from 226 infants were obtained (median age [Q1-Q3], 4 months [3-4]). The overall median (Q1-Q3) and mean (standard deviation) CoMiSS^TM values were 4 (2-7) and 4.7 (3.5), respectively. The 95th percentile was 11. Scores on some, albeit not all, components of the CoMiSS^TM significantly differed between age groups (crying, stools) or feeding type groups (stools and skin symptoms). Eleven children (4.9%) scored ≥12. Conclusion: This study adds to earlier age-related CoMiSS^TM data by providing CoMiSS^TM values in presumed healthy infants in Poland.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in under-5 children in Iran in order to help policymakers reduce such inequality. Methods: Data on 8443 under-5 children were extracted from the Iran Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey. The wealth index was used as proxy for socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic inequality in stunting, underweight, and wasting was calculated using the concentration index. The concentration index was calculated for the whole sample, as well as for subcategories defined in terms of categories such as area of residence (urban and rural) and the sex of children. Results: Stunting was observed to be more prevalent than underweight or wasting. The results of the concentration index at the national level, as well as in rural and urban areas and in terms of children's sex, showed that inequality in stunting and underweight was statistically significant and that children in the lower quintiles were more malnourished. The wasting index was not sensitive to socioeconomic status, and its concentration index value was not statistically significant. Conclusions: This study showed that it can be misleading to assess the mean levels of malnutrition at the national level without knowledge of the distribution of malnutrition among socioeconomic groups. Significant socioeconomic inequalities in stunting and underweight were observed at the national level and in both urban and rural areas. Regarding the influence of nutrition on the health and economic well-being of preschool-aged children, it is necessary for the government to focus on taking targeted measures to reduce malnutrition and to focus on poorer groups within society who bear a greater burden of malnutrition.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.32-45
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• 1995

This thesis is a study to develop the tentative objectives and present the professional and courses for the nursing college. The conclusions conducted by the purpose of this study are as follows. First, on the basis of the concepts of the nursing and the view-points of nursing education, the tentative goals for the nursing education are set up as follows. 1. To understand human being's life, dignity and their physical, mental, and social aspects. 2. To understand the basic concepts and the principles of human sciences, social sciences, natural sciences, and medical sciences. To apply their knowledges to nursing practices. 3. To diagnose and assess the problems of individual, family and community in terms of nursing practice. To develop the ability of planning, negotiation, management, and evaluation for the nursing education. 4. To develop appropriate knowlege, attitudes, and skills to promote the clients' health and treat their illness. 5. To accomplish all tasks effectively as a trained and qualified professional nurse through the endless studies. Second, the nursing areas and courses for the nursing college in terms of validity, Importance, continuity, relationship, utility and appropriateness are listed as follows. 1. Fundamental courses of the nursing. (1) General courses communication human development, behavior science, biochemistry, microbiology, pharmacology (2) Medical courses physiology, anatomy, pathology 2. Basic courses in nursing (1) General nursing fundamental nursing, introduction of nursing, nursing history, nursing process, health education, health assessment, philosophy of nursing, nursing psychology (2) Maternal-Child nursing child-health nursing, child-disease nursing, adolescent nursing, obstetric nursing, post-partum nursing, gyneco-pathy nursing (3) Adult nursing adult health nursing, adult disease nursing I(fluid & electrotonic, shock, anoxia disorder), adult disease nursing II(nutrition-excretion disorder, sexual dysfunction), adult disease nursing III(sense-, control-, activity-, sleep disorder), adult disease nursing IV(operation, rehabilitation, emergency), gerontological nursing (4) Psychiatric nursing child-adolescent psychiatric nursing, adult psychiatric nursing, gerontological psychiatric nursing, spiritual nursing (5) Community health nursing community nursing, school nursing, industrial nursing, family nursing, nursing epidemiology 3. Nursing management and research skills (1) Nursing management nursing administration, nursing ethics, laws related to nursing (2) Research skills nursing statistics, nursing research methodology Finally, the principles of the statement of the specific objectives are the followings : 1. To state the specific objectives on the basis of the syllabus of each courses. 2. To match a content with a verb or gerund as the basic form of objectives. 3. To control the level of the objectives according to the rule 'the higher the level of a content, the lower the level of a verb or a gerund'. This rule applies in the reverse, as well. 4. To decide the number of the objectives in each course on the basis of the numbers of the syllabus and the level of its comprehensiveness, 5. To correct, supplement or eliminate the stated objectives by a professional or professional groups in that area.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.49-66
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• 2000

Pregnancy is a task of creation in which a women mobilizes her self and the resources available to her in the generation of a new person. Through the pregnancy, a mother has formed the new human relationship with a fetus. Maternal-fetal relationship is considered one of mechanism making the relationship of mother and child. It is important to well-being of mother and fetus, too. The earliest interaction between a mother and her child is during prenatal period. Maternal-fetal dyad is unique and perceived interactions with the fetus make the pregnancy real for the mother. Maternal behavior is "instinctive" and is formed in early childhood by copy of the mother. But, Rubin argues that this behavior is an open intellectual system rather than a prepackaged bundle of traits. There is openness to new learning and a high value placed on knowing which occurs with silent organization in thought. Thus, nurses and other health professionals provide prenatal care that optimally is part of the environment in which the maternal-fetal dyad develops. Thus it is appropriate for nurses to increases their understanding of the dyad and to explore ways to enhance its development. This study focusses on the interaction ability and response of fetus, and the maternal-fetal interaction. The research of fetal responses that involve physiological changes and motor movement have been shown to coccur to both external sensory stimuli and to maternal emotional states. The fetus does also have sensory capacity to be aware of some maternal behaviors, and the motor ability to respond in a way the mother can notice. Thus, very rudimentary interactions appear to be possible. Maternal awareness of fetal activity was supported by several studies. More interesting to the present study are description of maternal-fetal interaction and the finding that there appear to be levels of sensitivity to the fetus involved in maternal-fetal interactions. First, recognition comes that the fetus is separate from the maternal self. Next, the fetus engages in. Lastly, the parent may describe active interaction with the fetus, believing that mother and fetus are communicating on a meaningful level. Several interventions, developed to promote more active interaction between mother and fetus, have been reviewed. In general, the parents were taught to stimulate the fetus and to notice the fetus' responses. This type of intervention might increase the mother's sensitivity to her unborn baby, and she may have a head start toward learning how to res pond sensitivity to the newborn infant. Research In the area of maternal-fetal interaction is scarce. Sensitive behavior is construed as an appropriate and timely response to a signal of need from another person, but no such signal of need can be claimed regarding the fetus. The highest level of maternal-fetal interaction, therefore, might be based more on maternal representations of the imagined fetus than on factual evidence of fetal participation.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.147-162
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• 2023

본 연구는 결혼이주여성의 자녀 교육과 돌봄에서 사회적 지지 경험을 심층적으로 탐색하고 그 경험의 본질과 의미를 발견하고자 하였다. 연구참여자로 6명의 결혼이주여성을 대상으로 현상학적 질적연구를 수행하여 4개의 범주에서 총 24개의 의미단위를 도출하고 10개의 대주제로 정리하였다. 연구참여자들은 낯선 타국에서 가장 중요한 사람은 가족이었다. 특히, 남편의 사회적 지지는 자녀 교육과 돌봄에서 도움을 주지만 남편과의 관계에 따라 그 결과가 달랐다. 시부모의 사회적 지지는 긍정적 또는 부정적 에너지로 나타났다. 친정엄마는 심리적인 지지자이며 자녀의 이중언어교육과 모국문화의 전달자 역할을 한다. 주변의 한국친구는 자녀를 키우며 필요한 한국문화와 교육 정보를 제공하며 세상과 소통하는 매개체로서 역할을 하지만, 모국친구는 모국어로 소통하며 자녀 양육정보와 함께 문화적 동질감과 연대의식 형성을 도왔다. 사회적 범주에서 한국사회의 인터넷은 모국가족과 초국가적 연결은 물론 자녀돌봄에 필요한 정보를 제공하는 유용한 도구적 역할을 하였다. 공공기관 그리고 법과 제도 등도 자녀 교육과 돌봄을 위한 중요한 지지체계이다. 연구참여자들은 자신과 자녀에 대한 사회적 편견과 차별을 제거하고자 국적 취득을 통해 한국인으로서 공적인 자격을 갖추며 스스로 사회적 지지체계가 되었다. 결론적으로 연구참여자들은 자녀 교육과 돌봄 과정에 초국가적인 가족 네트워크뿐만 아니라 다층적인 사회적 지지체계를 활용하며 자신과 자녀의 보다 나은 삶을 기대하였다. 이에 결혼이주여성의 자녀 교육과 돌봄을 위해 가족과 지역사회 그리고 초국가적 차원에서 사회적 지지체계를 더욱 강화될 수 있도록 법과 제도 그리고 정책 지원 등이 체계적으로 개선될 것을 제안하였다.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제42권
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• pp.151-185
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• 2015

본 연구는 사설시조에 나타난 '아이'의 양상과 그 시가사적 함의를 갈래사적 전통 속에서 한번 살펴본 것이다. 그간 시조 문학 연구에서 '아이'는 대체로 부수적인 존재, 관습적인 청자로서만 이해되어 왔지만 담론의 측면에서 보면, 서정의 맛과 멋을 한껏 드러내던 작품 세계(자아지향)를, 타자를 전제로 한 대화적 구조로 탈바꿈시키는 기능을 하기에 그 의미망이 결코 가볍지 않다. 먼저 사설시조에는 크게 침묵하는 아이와 발화하는 아이의 두 가지 형태가 발견된다. 전자는 호명된 존재, 관습적이면서 말 없는 수동적인 존재, 타자화 대상화 된 존재라면, 후자는 발화하는 적극적 주체, 근대성의 표지를 담보하는 주체의 모습을 보여준다. 이러한 차이는 발화 형태의 차이를 넘어서 미학적 질서의 차이를 노정하기도 한다. 즉 전자의 '아이'는 시적 화자의 내면적 요청에 의해 관념적으로 생산된 것인 만큼 주로 시적 화자의 서정성을 극대화하는 장치로서 활용될 뿐만 아니라 독자-텍스트 간의 동일화 담론의 미학적 질서를 형성한다면, 후자의 '아이'는 이질적인 발화들이 만들어내는 공명으로 인해 텍스트에 역동성을 부여함은 물론 독자-텍스트 간의 거리화 담론의 미학적 질서를 형성한다. 사설시조의 아이가 보여주는 이러한 면면들은 전대 시가에서 이미 그 편린들이 발견된다. 향가의 경우, 타자의 결핍을 해소하기 위해 요청된 존재로서 발화하지만 대상화된 존재로서의 '아이'가, 고려 속요의 경우 시적 화자에 의해 침묵을 강요받지만 이를 자발적인 발설로 깨뜨려버리는 적극적인 '아이'가, 시조의 경우는 '아이'의 훈육 및 성장과 관련한 노래가 등장하기도 해서 특이점을 보여주긴 하지만 발화의 측면에서 대체로 시적 화자에 의해 대상화 된 '아이'가 우세하게 등장하는 점이 바로 그것이다. 사설시조를 포함해 전대 시가에서 발견되는 이러한 아이의 모습은 주로 중세가 부과한 아이의 모습과 연결된다면, 이전 시가에서와는 달리, 사설시조만이 보여주는 새로운 아이의 모습은 중세에서 근대로의 이행기, 시대적 징후의 단면들을 보여준다. 즉 작품 편수가 많지는 않지만, 사설시조에서 발견되는 적극적인 '아이'의 모습은 '개인'을 내세우면서 더 이상 중세가 부과한 '아이다움'의 테두리에 있지 않는 새로움을 보여준다. 사설시조의 '아이'가 보여주는 새로움은 순진무구한 존재로서 '아동(child, infant)'이라는 근대적 개념과는 거리가 있지만, 발화 속에서 제시되는 다성성, 웃음, 개인의 중시, 다중 시선 등의 측면에서 근대의 일면을 드러낸다는 점에서 주목된다.