• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.51-63
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate food culture represented by the grain yard, water well, kitchen, and meat storage space which were depicted in the mural painting of An-Ak tomb No. 3. The mural paintings of An-Ak tomb No. 3 were compared with those of ancient Chinese tombs before the 4th century in order to understand their characteristics. Above all, the tomb murals describe the form and function of the stove (buttumak) as well as the cuisine using the cauldron (sot) and steamer (siru) in a very interesting manner. The meat storage space of An-Ak tomb No. 3 shows whole carcasses of animals such as roe deer, dog, and pig. However, Chinese murals show that while small animals such as soft-shelled turtle, fish, chicken, duck, pheasant, rabbit, etc. were stored as whole carcasses without being cut into pieces, large animals such as cows and pigs were slaughtered and each piece of their carcasses such as the head, thigh, meat loaf, and cardiopulmonary part was separately depicted. These tomb murals vividly describe the food culture of Koguryo and China before the 4th century.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2009

Natural-killer-cell-enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the newly defined peroxiredoxin (Prx) family. It was originally isolated from human erythroid cells. The black rockfish NKEF cDNA was identified through the expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of PBLs libraries. The full-length NKEF cDNA was 1433 bp long and contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 594 bp that encoded 198 amino-acid residues. The 5' UTR had a length of 39 bp, and the 3’UTR 800 bp. The deduced amino-acid sequence of the black rockfish had a density 93.4, 92.9, 87.8, 85.8, 84.8, 83.8, 80.3, 79.7, 77.2, and 75.2% that of the pufferfish, olive flounder, channel catfish, zebrafish, chicken, common carp, Myotis lucifugus, cattle, human PrxI, rat PrxI, human NKEF-A, and Xenopus tropicalis, respectively. The NKEF gene was expressed in all the tissues of the black rockfish. The RT-PCR indicated that the NKEF transcripts were predominantly in the spleen and gill, less dominantly in the PBLs, head kidney, trunk kidney, and liver, and least in the intestine and muscles. This is the first report on the existence of the NKEF-A gene in black rockfish.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

본 연구는 가축분뇨의 자원순환 및 Zero emission 개념에서 강원도내에서 발생되는 가축분뇨의 퇴비화 가능성을 검토하였다. 현재 우리나라 가축사육가구의 대규모화 추세를 고려할 때, 적용 대상에 따라 축종별로 차이가 크므로 법규제 대상을 가축사육두수 외에도 가축사육가구를 기준으로 하는 법적 검토가 필요하다. 미신고대상에 해당되는 강원도 가축분뇨 발생량의 비율은 한육우가 가장 높았으며, 이에 대한 처리기술로는 퇴비화기술이 적합하였다. 돼지는 분뇨 특성상 액비화기술이 적합할 것으로 사료된다. 오염물질 발생량은 돼지, 한육우, 젖소, 닭 순으로 많았으며, 오염물질 중 비료로써 대체 가능한 T-N과 T-P의양은 각각 13천톤과 2천톤이었다. 법 규제대상에 따른 강원도의 가축분뇨내 BOD 발생량은 돼지가 가장 많고, 미신고대상의 BOD 발생량은 한육우가 가장 많았다. 또한, 강원도의 가축분뇨내 연간 비료성분량은 질소가 10,149톤으로 가장 많았고, 산화칼륨($K_2O$)과 인산($P_2O_5$)은 각각 4,894톤과 3,098톤이었다. 비료성분별로는 질소는 돼지, 인산은 한육우, 산화칼륨은 닭과 돼지에서 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 가축분뇨의 비료로써 대체비율은 질소 51%, 산화칼륨 38%, 인산 34%로 나타났다. 따라서, 가축분뇨를 퇴비화나 액비화 할 경우 비료로써의 대체효과가 클 것으로 예상된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1729-1735
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• 2011

The effect of flaxseed meal on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, alpha-linolenic acid contents, and organoleptic characteristics of chicken meat was studied during a 42 day experiment. Broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 4 experimental groups and fed iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets containing flaxseed meal at 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Flaxseed meal did not affect the weekly body weight of broiler chicks during the first two weeks but thereafter weekly body weight reduced among flaxseed meal groups. At the end of $6^{th}$ week, birds fed on 15% flaxseed meal showed a reduction of 8% in body weight compared to the control group. Control group had significantly higher weight gain with slightly higher feed consumption and better feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and energy efficiency ratio (EER) than the flaxseed meal groups. Among the treatments, birds of 5 and 10% flaxseed meal groups had significantly better FCR, PER and EER compared to those of the 15% flaxseed meal group. The carcass characteristics data indicated a significant reduction in the eviscerated weight and breast yield at 15% flaxseed meal in the diet as compared to other dietary groups. However, the alpha-linolenic acid content in both breast and thigh meat was higher with an increasing level of flaxseed meal in the diets without affecting the sensory acceptability of meat. Based on the present study, up to 10% of flaxseed meal may be used in broiler diet to enhance the alpha-linolenic acid content in the broiler meat.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.19-35
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• 1995

This study was designed to identify the severity of anorexia and the diet patterns in receiving chemotherapy. The identification of anorexia would provide useful and basic information to oncology nursing care. The subjects of this study were 102 hospitalized chemotherapy patients in a September 10, 1994. The subjects were 20 years old or above and who agreed to participate in this study and could understand the questionnaire. Three-days diet history were collected and analysed. The study subjects change, food aversions, the severity of anorexia. Data related to demographic and other mecdical characteristics such as age, diagnosis, and medication were collected by review of patient medical record. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1) The score of anorexia was 73.7 in Anorexia Visual Analogue Scales and mean amount of fool intake per a day was 823cc. The larger the anorexia VAS score, the more severe of anorexia. 2) The food preferences of subjects were identified. Those were aversions, or dislikes the meat such as beef, pork, and chicken, and greesy or fried foods. The Caffeinated drinks such as coffee and tea were disgusted, also. The patients preferred vegetables and Korean traditional food especially kimchee and soy bean soap. 3) Those who were administered analgesics and cisplatin suffered more severe in anorexia than those who analgesics and cisplatin was not administarted. The patients with gastrointestinal cancer has more severe anorexia than those who have the other site cancer ; head and neck, genirourinary etc. The result of this study in turn provide valuable nursing practice guidelines for nutritional counseling in cancer chemotherapy patient. Nurses working with chemotherapy ward should identify the severity of anorexia and diet patterns. In conclusion, the severity of anorexia in cancer chemotherapy patients is very important problems. Health care personnels recognize the potential problems of anorexia and encourage the nutritional counseling in cancer chemotherapy patients.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 1999

This research was conducted to estimate waste rates of 69 food items after pre-preparation and amounts of food wastes disposed and it's reduction effect by education in some institutional foodservices for reduction of the food wastes. The result are as follows: 1. The waste rates were 55.40% for sweet corn, 5.73% for potatoes, 19.14% for sweet potatoes, and 33.47% for chestnuts. 2. The waste rates of fruits were 0.21-49.36%. Food items with over 40% waste rate were banana, watermelon, and pineapple. 3. The waste rates of vegetables were 1.14-52.90%. The number of foods with under 10% waste rate were 14 items(red pepper, green pepper, chard, and so on), 10-20% was 9 items(perilla leaf, chinese cabbage, ginger root, and so on), 20-30% was 5 items(root of chinese bellflower, garlic, radish-leaves, burdock, welsh onion-large type), 30-40% was 3 items(shepherd's purse, head lettuce, kale) and over 40% was 3 items(water dropwort, crown daisy, mallow). 4. The waste rates were 24.30% in chicken, 9.53-13.79% in eggs, and 9.30-55.32% in fishes. The waste rates of vegetables and fishes were higher than those of other food groups. 5. There were significantly different in amount of food wastes disposed (g/person/day) to institutional foodservices (hospital＞industrial institution＞ Korean restaurant＞elementary school). The amount of food wastes disposed, especially amount in pre-preparation phase, after education for reduction of food wastes was significantly reduced. Since these study results show significant deviations in food waste rates and education effect, there should be more studies for standard waste rates of each food and systematic education method for reduction of food wastes.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.997-1005
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• 1996

For understanding the role of infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV) to the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis due to Clostridium perfringens(CP), all 15 day-old chickens used were divided as the following groups; A and E group with the feeding of feed contaminated with CP, B group with oral adminstration of IBDV($50{\mu}l/head$, $10^{3.4}EID_{50}$ of $P_4$ strain) and simultaneously feeding of feed contaminated with CP, C group treated with IBDV alone, F group with the feeding of feed contaminated with CP at 3 weeks after oral inoculation of IBDV, D and G group with the feeding of normal feed as controls. In mortality, B group(30%) was not a difference compared to A group(20%)(p>0.05), but in the pathological lesions the former was more severe degree than the latter. The mortality of F group(70%) was a significant difference to those of A, B or E group (20%)(p<0.01). Also, showed much F group more marked lesions than A, B or E group. In the chickens occurred the death during the study, mean concentration of CP was reached at $10^8{\sim}10^9CFU/g$ in the intestinal contents. B group showed higher mortality and more severe pathological changes than A and E group. Consequently, the results in the study were confirmed that the IBDV could be a role as a enhancing factor in pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis due to CP under the field condition.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.87-102
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• 1980

노폐계(老廢鷄)의 이용성(利用性) 증대방안(增大方案)의 하나로 White Leghorn(WL)종(種)과 Rhode Island Red(RIR)종(種) 노폐계(老廢鷄)의 도체성적(屠體成績)을 조사(調査)하고 아울러 노폐계육(老廢鷄肉)을 이용(利用)하여 건조육제품(乾燥肉製品)을 제조(製造)하여 개발(開發) 가능성(可能性)을 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 노폐계(老廢鷄)의 생체중(生體重)은 WL종(種)이 1,635.40g, RIR종(種)이 2,289.29g이었고 도체율(屠體率)과 정육율(精肉率)은 WL종(種)에서 각각(各各) 58.73%와 43.95%였으며, RIR종(種)에서는 각각(各各) 60.34%와 41.98%였다. 2. WL종(種)과 RIR종(種)의 도체(屠體) 각(各) 부위(部位)의 구성비율(構成比率)은 경부(頸部) 4.13%와 3.94%, 익부(翼部) 9.97%와 8.62%, 흉부(胸部) 32.54%와 29.04%, 배부(背部) 11.35%와 9.75%, 대퇴부(大腿部) 30.75%와 31.34%, 피부(皮膚) 및 피하지방(皮下脂肪) 11.37%와 17.34%였다. 3. 정육(精肉)의 각(各) 부위별(部位別) 구성비율(構成比率)은 WL종(種)과 RIR종(種)에서 각각(各各) 경부(頸部) 4.03%와 3.95%, 익부(翼部) 9.47%와 9.79%, 흉부(胸部) 39.37%와 38.14%, 배부(背部) 11.24%와 9.40%, 대퇴부(大腿部) 36.16%와 38.74%였다. 4. 노폐계육(老廢鷄肉)의 화학적(化學的) 조성(組成)은 WL종(種)에서 수분(水分) 68.18%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 22.80%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 2.70%, 추출물(抽出物) 5.15%, 조회분(粗灰分) 1.18%였고, RIR종(種)에서는 수분(水分) 68.04%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 22.18%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 3.13%, 추출물(抽出物) 5.45%, 조회분(粗灰分) 1.21%였다. 5. 노폐계육(老廢鷄肉)을 $121^{\circ}C(1kg/cm^2)$에서 30분(分), 60분(分) 및 90분간(分間)을 증자(蒸煮)했을 때의 감율(減率)은 WL종(種)에서 각각(各各) 54.91%, 56.43% 및 58.42%였으며 RIR종(種)에서는 각각(各各) 45.23%, 47.68% 및 49.68%였다. 6. 노폐계(老廢鷄) 마리당(當) 건조계육제품(乾燥鷄肉製品)의 수량(收量)은 WL(種)에서 253.01g, RIR종(種)에서는 368.64g이었으며, 정육중(精肉重)과 도체중(屠體重)에 대(對)한 비율(比率)은 WL중종(種)에서 각각(各各) 35.47%와 26.34%였고, RIR종(種)에서는 각각(各各) 38.25%와 26.83%였다. 7. 건조육제품(乾燥肉製品)의 화학적(化學的) 조성(組成)은 WL종(種)에서 수분(水分) 16.69%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 66.16%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 12.81%, 조회분(粗灰分) 4.35%였고, RIR종(種)에서는 수분(水分) 16.11%, 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 65.95%, 조지방(粗脂肪) 13.78%, 조회분(粗灰分) 4.57%였다. 8. 제품(製品)의 품질(品質)을 결정(決定)하는 중요(重要)한 인자(因子)중의 하나인 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)을 검토하기 위하여 인장강도(引張强度), 인열강도(引裂强度) 및 신장율(伸張率)을 측정(測定)하여 본 결과(結果) 압착(壓搾)조건을 $70kg/cm^2$로 하였을 때는 표준구(標準區)인 쥐포의 결착력(結着力)과 비교(比較)하여 노폐계육제품(老廢鷄肉製品)도 이와 유사(類似)하게 나타났다. 9. 각(各) 부위별(部位別) 제품(製品)의 색택측정(色澤測定)에서 명도(明度)는 압착(壓搾)조건이 $70kg/cm^2$인 제품(製品)이 $35kg/cm^2$인 제품(製品)보다 더 좋았으며 쥐포가 16.4%인 경우 가슴살의 $70kg/cm^2$ 조건에서의 제품(製品)은 16.7%로 유사(類似)하였고, Dominant wavelength도 이와 같은 경향이었으며 따라서 쥐포의 색택(色澤)과 아주 근사(近似)한 황갈색이었다. 10. 노폐계육(老廢鷄肉)의 부위(部位)에 따라 제조(製造)된 제품(製品)과 표준구(標準區)인 쥐포와의 맛, 색깔, 조직(組織) 및 냄새를 비교(比較)한 식미시험(食味試驗) 결과(結果)는 쥐포가 지수(指數) 100일 때 가슴살제품이 118.4로 쥐포보다 높았고 다음이 이보다 낮은 기타살 제품(製品)이 99.7, 다리살이 96.2 였다. 11. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합적(綜合的)으로 검토(檢討)하여 볼 때 노폐계(老廢鷄)를 이용(利用)하여 제조(製造)된 육제품(肉製品)은 영양면(營養面)에서나 물성면(物性面)에서 이와 유사(類似)한 기존식품(旣存食品)에 결코 손색이 없는 고단백질식품(高蛋白質食品)으로서의 가치(價値)가 인정되었으며 따라서 공업화(工業化)의 타당성이 높다고 사료(思料)된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.739-751
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• 2015

최근 6차 산업이 부각되면서 종가문화에 대한 연구가 진행되고, 종가의 권위를 상징하는 불천위제례에 대한 연구가 보고되고 있다. 불천위를 모시는 종가는 안동지역을 중심으로 봉화, 영주, 예천, 상주, 영덕, 영양 등 주로 경북 북부지역에 집중되어 있는데, 경상북도 상주에서도 불천위를 모시는 종가가 14위나 되어 이들 종가를 대상으로 불천위 진설도와 제수 실태를 현장 조사하였다. 조사기간은 2014년에서 2015년 동안 진행되었고, 소재 노수신, 월간 이석, 우복 정경세, 조당 이목수의 불천위 제례를 조사하였다. 조사내용은 불천위 제수의 진설과 제수 품목, 조리법에 국한하였고, 심층인터뷰와 더불어 문헌을 비교 검토하였다. 1. 진설의 열은 월간이 4열이고, 다른 종가에서는 5열로 진설하였다. 열에 따른 진설 품목은 5열이 실과류, 4열이 나물류, 3열이 탕류, 2열이 적, 편류 1열이 메, 갱, 면으로 구성되었다, 진설품목은 메, 갱, 면, 장, 포, 침재, 대추, 밤, 배, 감, 사과, 호두, 고사리, 도라지, 조기, 편, 쌈은 공통적이나, 적, 탕, 전, 나물류는 종가별로 차이가 있었다. 특히 탕은 우복종가가 7탕으로 가장 많고, 소재와 입재종가는 5탕, 월간은 3탕을 진설하였다. 2. 적은 월간종가가 계적, 어적, 육적을 쌓아 올려 하나의 제기에 담아 도적으로 진설하였고, 우복종가는 계적, 어적, 육적을 각각의 제기에 담아 진설하였다. 그리고 소재종가와 입재종가는 계적을 별도로 진설하고, 육적과 어적은 하나의 틀에 담아 도적으로 진설하였고, 어적을 별도로 진설하여 이중으로 진설하였다. 포는 대구포가 주로 사용되었는데, 진설의 위치가 월간종가에서는 우포(右脯)로 진설되고, 다른 종가에서는 좌포(左脯)로 진설하였다. 3. 제수품으로 생고기 사용 여부는 우복종가에서 생고등어, 입재종가에서 생조기, 소재종가에서 육회를 사용하는 정도였다. 즉, 돼지고기, 소고기, 닭고기, 조기와 같은 육어고기는 대부분 익혀 사용하였다. 그 외 대부분 제수는 무침이나 데치는 조리법을 많이 사용하였다. 갱은 미역국이 2종가, 탕국이 2종가였는데, 탕국은 탕의 식재를 삶고 남은 육수를 활용한 것이다. 특히 월간종가는 미역탕국을 갱으로 사용하였다. 4. 제수품목 중 종가에서 주문하는 음식은 유과, 약과, 본편(시루떡, 찰떡, 증편, 경단), 술이고 나머지 대부분의 제수는 당일 종가에서 준비하는 것으로 조사되었다. 불천위 제례의 음식문화는 의례적 요소가 강하다. 이러한 식문화는 종가의 권위를 상징하고, 대외적으로 표명하고자 했던 조선중기에 비교적 정착되었다. 하지만 조선후기 일제 강점기와 전쟁, 산업화 등 역사적 격동기를 함께 하면서 종가의 불천위 제례 문화가 많은 변화를 거듭하였다. 문화는 그 자체만으로 한 시대를 파악하는데 의미가 있다. 종가의 통과의례 중 핵심적 문화행위인 제례, 그 중에서도 종가의 존재와 정체성에 직결되는 불천위 제례에 대한 현장조사와 그에 대한 고증연구는 우리 문화의 정체성을 이해하는데 의미가 있다고 할 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.