• 대한수의학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.161-163
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• 1973

In order to observe the time of the first appearance of Bowie positive pepsinogen granules in the gland cells of the chicken proventriculus, histological examination was performed on the chicken embryo proventriculus at 7, 10, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 days postincubation. The first appearance of Bowie positive pepsinogen granules in the gland cells of the chicken proventriculus was at 21 days postincubation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.570-583
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• 2023

Objective: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play critical roles in embryo development, and immune responses to infectious diseases. In this study, to investigate the roles of FGFs, we performed genome-wide identification, expression, and functional analyses of FGF family members in chickens. Methods: Chicken FGFs genes were identified and analyzed by using bioinformatics approach. Expression profiles and Hierarchical cluster analysis of the FGFs genes in different chicken tissues were obtained from the genome-wide RNA-seq. Results: A total of 20 FGF genes were identified in the chicken genome, which were classified into seven distinct groups (A-F) in the phylogenetic tree. Gene structure analysis revealed that members of the same clade had the same or similar exon-intron structure. Chromosome mapping suggested that FGF genes were widely dispersed across the chicken genome and were located on chromosomes 1, 4-6, 9-10, 13, 15, 28, and Z. In addition, the interactions among FGF proteins and between FGFs and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins are limited, indicating that the remaining functions of FGF proteins should be further investigated in chickens. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis showed that FGF gene interacts with MAPK genes and are involved in stimulating signaling pathway and regulating immune responses. Furthermore, this study identified 15 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in 21 different growth stages during early chicken embryo development. RNA-sequencing data identified the DEG of FGFs on 1- and 3-days post infection in two indigenous Ri chicken lines infected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 (HPAIV). Finally, all the genes examined through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and RNA-Seq analyses showed similar responses to HPAIV infection in indigenous Ri chicken lines (R² = 0.92-0.95, p<0.01). Conclusion: This study provides significant insights into the potential functions of FGFs in chickens, including the regulation of MAPK signaling pathways and the immune response of chickens to HPAIV infections.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2001

Despite the high potency of the retrovirus vector system in gene transfer, one of the main drawbacks of has been difficulty in preparing highly concentrated virus stock. Numerous efforts to boost the virus titer have ended in unsatisfactory results mainly due to fragile property of retrovirus envelope protein. In this study, to overcome this problem, we constructed our own retrovirus vector system producing vector viruses encapsulated with VSV-G (vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein). Concentration process of the virus stock by ultracentrifuge did not sacrifice the virus infectivity, resulting in more than 108 to 109 CFU (colony forming unit) per ml on most of the target cell lines tested. Application of this high-titer retrovirus vector system was tested on chicken embryos. Injection of virus stock beneath the blastoderms of pre-incubated fertilized eggs resulted in chick embryos expressing E. coli LacZ gene with 100% efficiency. Therefore, our results suggest that it is possible to transfer the foreign gene into chicken embryo using our high-titer retrovirus vector.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.557-562
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• 1995

In this study, characteristics of chick primordial germ cells (PGCs), which is the founder cell of the germline, and gonadal development of the chick embryo between 12hrs and 6 day of incubation were investigated by transverse serial sections of chick embryos under the light microscopic observation. In embryo stage 20 (3 day of incubation), there are a lot of PGCs at the mesenchym, which were moving to the thickened epithelium (gonadal ridge). The PGCs arrive at both right and left gonad primordial in equal number prior to stage 24 (4 day of incubation), but in the following stages, the distribution of the PGCs became asymmetrical. More PGCs colonized the left than the right gonad, but the reason for the unequal distribution of PGCs is uncertain. The PGCs have mostly settled in the gonadal ridge (GR) at 6 day embryo. This study was conducted to investigate characteristics of the PGC migration and gonadal formation and observe the best condition for PGC isolation, culture and to attempt the possibility of the production for transgenic germline chimeras with manipulated PGCs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

닭에서 2배수성 배우자(gametes)의 생성을 통해서 4배수성 태아 생산을 위한 본 실험의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 2배수성 정자생산 TEM(Tri -ethyleneme-lamine) 0.37mg을 연속 3일 주사한 후 9일째(최초 TEM처리 후 12일째)에 11%로 가장 높았다. 2. 2배수성 배우자를 유도한 후 수정을 통하여 109개의 수정난 중 4배수성 태아를 3개(2.8%) 관찰할 수 있었다. 3. 4배수성 개체의 유전구조는 정상구조에서 변화가 없이 동일한 염색체가 4장으로 구성된 형태였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

Lmbr1 is regarded as a key gene that controls the digital model formation in early developmental stages of the chicken. However, there are few reports of lmbr1 expression levels and tendencies in 4-toe and 5-toe chicken species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the lmbr1 expression in White Leghorn (4-toe) and Chinese Silky (5-toe). Firstly, total RNA was extracted from 14 different embryonic development stages (HH3 to HH31) in White Leghorn and Chinese Silky. Secondly, dramatic gene expression changes of lmbr1 were monitored by RT-PCR, which indicated a general up-down-up tendency with subtle differences between these two species. Moreover, Q-PCR reactions were performed to quantitate the expression level of lmbr1 in the 14 selected developmental stages. These data demonstrated a first lmbr1 expression peak of 18.68 and 15.32, a lmbr1 expression trough of 6.61 and 1.80, and a second lmbr1 expression peak of 22.33 and 12.48 in White Leghorn and Chinese Silky, respectively. Finally, embryonic in situ hybridization analysis identified that lmbr1 expressed in the ectoderm in HH21, HH23 and HH24 developmental stages in both species.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2001

Yolk platelets, one of the main food stores in the embryonic development, are composed of proteins. However, little is known about the identity of proteins utilized at certain stages of embryogenesis. In this study, we followed the fates of embryonic storage proteins by using an anti-polyubiquitin monoclonal antibody (mAB) as a probe. The mAb recognized the major storage proteins of Drosophila, Xenopus and chicken eggs. In the Drosophila embryo, the mAb-reactive 45-kDa protein was not used until stage 11 but was used up at stage 16 when the embryo completed segmentation. In the Xenopus embryo, the mAb-reactive 111 kDa protein was mostly utilized between stages 42 and 45 implying that the protein might be an energy source used just prior to feeding on food. By N-terminal sequencing the storage protein of Xenopus embryo was identified as a lipovitellin 1. This study confirms that storage proteins are used almost simultaneously at certain stages of embryogenesis and that vitellogenin 1 is the last storage protein in Xenopus embryogenesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.800-805
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• 2003

The early embryos are obtained in different time after the former egg had been laid, and the aim of the present study was to observe the development law of chicken early embryo.The embryo development has been divided into the two periods according to morphology of blastodisc. Cleavage period, from 5.5 h (0 h uterine age) to 15.5 h (10-10.5 h uterine age) after the former egg had laid, formation blastodisc of 6-7 layers cell. Later blastocyst period, from 17.5 h (12-12.5 h uterine age) to area pellucida formation after the former egg had been laid. The first division took place at 5 h (0 h uterine age), morular at 11.5 h (6-6.5 h uterine age), and blastocyst at 15.5 h (10-10.5 h uterine age) after the former egg had been laid.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.40-46
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• 2001

The use of pluripotent stem cells has tremendous advantages for various purposes but these cell lines with proven germ-line transmission have been completely established only in the mouse. Embryonic germ (EG) cell lines are also pluripotent and undifferentiated stem cells established from primordial germ cells (PGCs). This study was conducted to establish and characterize the chicken EG cells derived from gonadal primordial germ cells. We isolated gonadal PGCs from 5.5-day-old (stage 28) White leghorn (WL) embryos and established chicken EG cells lines with EG culture medium supplemented with human stem cell factor (hSCF), murine leukemia inhibitory factor (mLIF), bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), human interleukin-11 (hIL-11), and human insulin-like growth factor-I (hIGF-I). These cells grew continuously for 4 months (10 passages) on a feeder layer of mitotically active chicken embryonic fibroblasts. These cells were characterized by screening with the Periodic acid-Shiff＇s reaction, anti-SSEA-1 antibody, and a proliferation assay after several passages. As the results, the chicken EG cells maintained characteristics of undifferentiated stem cells as well as that of gonadal PGCs. When cultured in suspension, the chicken EG cells successfully formed an embryoid body and differentiated into a variety of cell types when re-seeded onto culture dish. The chicken EG cells were injected into blastodermal layer at stage X and dorsal aorta of recipient embryo at stage 14 (incubation of 53hrs) and produced chimeric chickens with various differentiated tissues derived from the EG cells. The germline chimeras were also successfully induced by using EG cells. Thus, Chicken EG cells will be useful for the production of transgenic chickena and for studies of germ cell differentiation and genomic imprinting.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.135-143
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• 1985

관절염(또는 건초담), 발육부전증을 보이는 12주령 이하의 브로일러 종계와 브로일러에서 8주의 바이러스를 분리하여 avian reovirus로 동정하였다. 부리된 reovirus는 전자현미경에서 이중막을 갖는 구형으로 virion의 직경은 81nm였으며 한천겔침강반응에서 기지의 reovirus(S-1133 주) 및 항혈청(항 S-1133주 및 R-1주)과 반응하였다. 분리된 revirus는 혈구응집능력이 없었으며 chloroform, IUdR 및 열처리(56$^{\circ}C$, 30분)에 강한 저항성을 나타내었다. Reovirus의 감염성 측정시 계 태아섬유아세포 및 가세포배양과 Vero cell 배양에서 세포분주와 동시에 바이러스를 접종하거나 단층세포가 형성된 후접종하거나 간에 별다른 차이없이 감염 4-5일후에 end point에 도달되었다. 분리된 reovirus를 계태아간세포배양에 5-10대 계대배양한 후 $10^{5.0}$ TCI $D_{50}$의 바이러스를 10일령 발육계란의 장요막상에 접종하였을 때 평균치사시간이 국내분리주는 54-59시간인데 반하여 S-1133주는 73시간으로 약간 길었다.