Objective: Pain following the insertion of separators and archwires varies with age, sex, race, ethnicity, threshold, and health status. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of pain in orthodontic patients after the insertion of elastomeric separators, its effects on daily life, and its association with age and sex in a population not previously studied in this regard. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 130 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment included collecting data on demographics, pain experienced following the placement of separators, time of onset, duration, characteristics, change in dietary pattern or chewing side, intake of analgesics, and severity of pain on the Wong Baker's scale. The results are reported as counts and percentages. Associations between sex and age were evaluated using Pearson's chi-square test. Results: Among the 130 patients, 56.2% were 9-20 years old, 63.8% experienced pain following the insertion of separators, 22.9% had their first episode of pain at 4 hours, 56.6% experienced intermittent pain, and 37.3% experienced discomfort; 18.1% males and 81.9% females experienced pain following the insertion of separators. Pearson's chi-square test showed a significant association between pain and sex (P = 0.04). Most patients (37.3%) reported "hurts little more" for pain intensity on Wong Baker's scale and 21.7% reported all four quadrants as sites of pain. Conclusions: The pain experienced after separator insertion was associated with sex and age. Females experienced more pain than males and patients between the age range of 21 and 36 years suffered more pain during mastication than between 9 and 20 years old.
Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
/
제40권4호
/
pp.890-896
/
2023
This study aims to examine the relationship between serum folic acid levels and metabolic syndrome. The analysis data were downloaded and used for the 7th 3rd (2018) data of the National Health and Nutrition Survey and in this study, 495 men, 706 women, and a total of 1,201 people were finally analyzed. The data analysis used Chi-square and t-test for the difference in serum folic acid according to general characteristics, Pearson correlation for the relationship between sub-factors of metabolic syndrome, and logistic regression analysis for serum folic acid levels and metabolic syndrome indicators. According to the results of this study, there was a significant negative correlation between serum folic acid levels and waist circumference (r=-0.113, p<0.01), triglyceride (r=-0.086, p<0.05), and HDL-cholesterol (r=0.086, p<0.05) showed a significant positive correlation. As a result of regression analysis, in the case of HDL-cholesterol, the group with normal serum folic acid levels was significantly higher than the group with low (p<0.05). Therefore, through this study, it is proposed to develop appropriate eating habits and health education programs to prevent metabolic syndrome.
Yasmeen, Roheela;Ali, Zulfiqar;Tyrrel, Sean;Nasir, Zaheer Ahmad
Safety and Health at Work
/
제11권1호
/
pp.118-124
/
2020
Background: The poultry industry in Pakistan has flourished since the 1960s; however, there are scarce data regarding the impact of occupational exposure on the pulmonary health of farm workers in terms of years working in the industry. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of poultry environment on the health of occupationally exposed poultry farmers in countries of warm climatic regions, such as Pakistan. This study will also show the effect of exposure to poultry facilities on the health of poultry farmers in the context of low-income countries with a relatively inadequate occupational exposure risk management. Materials and methods: The lung function capacity of 79 poultry workers was measured using a spirometer. Along with spirometry, a structured questionnaire was also administrated to obtain information about age, height, weight, smokers/nonsmokers, years of working experience, and pulmonary health of farm workers. The workers who were directly involved in the care and handling of birds in these intensive facilities were considered and divided into four groups based on their years of working experience: Group I (3-10 months), Group II (1-5 years), Group III (6-10 years), and Group IV (more than 11 years). The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the FEV1/FVC ratio were considered to identify lung function abnormalities. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent sample t test, Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, and linear regression. Results: Based on the performed spirometry, 68 (86 %) of workers were found normal and healthy, whereas 11 (14 %) had a mild obstruction. Of the 11 workers with mild obstruction, the highest number with respect to the total was in Group IV (more than 11 years of working experience) followed by Group III and Group II. Most of the workers were found healthy, which seems to be because of the healthy survivor effect. For the independent sample t test, a significant difference was noticed between healthy and nonhealthy farmers, whereas Chi-square test showed a significant association with height, drugs, and working experience. Linear regression that was stratified by respiratory symptoms showed for workers with symptoms, regression models for all spirometric parameters (FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC) have better predictive power or R square value than those of workers without symptoms. Conclusion: These findings suggest that lung function capacity was directly related to years of working experience. With increasing number of working years, symptoms of various respiratory problems enhanced in the poultry workers. It should be noted that most of the poultry workers were healthy and young, the rationale being that there is a high turnover rate in this profession. The mobility in this job and our finding of 86% of the healthy workers in the present study also proposed healthy worker survivor effect.
This study was conducted to provide basic data for the systematic management and preservation of Nak-nam Jeongmaek. Of the Nak-nam Jeongmaek, six priority research areas, Gilmajae, Mt. Cheonwang, Mt. Yeohang, Mt. Muhak, Mt. Cheonju, Mt. Sineo, with consideration to terrain and environmental characteristics, were selected for this study. Two fixed plots for each bird habitat type were selected for each site and were surveyed from May to October in 2018. The survey conducted in the six priority research areas of Nak-nam Jeongmaek identified 48 species with 1,181 individual birds. The largest number of species and individuals occupying a particular habitat type were found in the developed land with 35 species and 567 individuals. Species diversity was the highest at 2.66 in the forest road. According to the results of nesting guild analysis of Nak-nam Jeongmaek (Pearson Chi-square test, 𝛘2=16.681, p<0.05) by each habitat type, the communities that belong to the canopy nesting guild showed a high frequency in the developed land, the valley, and the forest road. The results of the Pearson Chi-Square test (𝛘2=16.217, p<0.005) showed that the communities that belonged to the bush foraging guild were the most frequent in the developed land, and the communities that belonged to the canopy foraging guild were the most frequent in the valley and the forest road. The results of these studies suggest that the various habitats of the Nak-nam Jeongmaek provide a variety of resources for bird habitats.
Purpose: With the introduction of PET since 1994, test methods have made rapid progress. Accordingly, the studies on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer as well as treatment response evaluation PET test are useful. However, it is difficult to divide stomach lesions and secretion. The purpose of this study is to reduce additional shooting by dividing lesions and secretion of stomach. Materials and Method: This study aiming at total 228 cancer patients was conducted from Aug 18 to Sep. 10, 2010. Among them, 115 patients had a test without water intake before shooting from Aug. 8 to 31 and 113 had a test after drinking 500 cc water right before shooting from Sep. 1 to 10 The Discovery ST PET/CT (GE Healthcare, USA) was used, and pearson's chi-square test was conducted to analyze significance through SPSS (Ver.18). Results: Among the total 228 cancer patients, there were 115 who had a test without water intake before shooting, 89 who had no double additional shooting, 13 who had stomach additional shooting and 13 who had other additional shooting. In addition, 109 had no additional shooting among 113 who had a test after taking 500 cc water, 1 had stomach additional shooting and 3 had other additional shooting. According to the findings above, the patients who had a test without water intake show reduced additional shooting, but for more exact significance, pearson's Chi-square test was carried out and the significance percentage was 0.001 that is smaller than 0.05, which means two groups have a significant relationship. As the minimum expectation frequency was 6.94 and there was no expectation frequency smaller than 5, so that it doesn't need to carry out pearson's exact verification. Conclusion: The above analysis has found that if one drinks 500cc water before the test, not only stomach additional shooting but also other additional shooting can be dramatically reduced, and test delay can be also reduced.
The purpose of this study is to clarify which some factors among the socio-demographic factors have effect on the housewives behavior on how to buy small electric appliances and how to use them. The questionnaires were distributed in July 1985 to 491 housewives in Seoul. Satistical methods as percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean, chi-square test, t-test and F-test were used for data analysis. RESULTS : 1) The average rate of possessing the automatic rice cooker is 87.8%, the electric frypan is 81.0%, the toaster is 36.9% and the blender is 86.9%. 2. Generally the frequency of use were low. 3) Generally their knowledge on small electric appliances is low. 4) The ability of management in blender was influenced by age, education and in automatic rice cooker was influenced by only education.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exercise on rehabilitation in home stroke patients. Method: A quasi-experimental pretest and posttest design was used to examine the change of balance, ADL, IADL, pain, depression and self-efficacy atthe completion of 6-weeks aquatic exercise program. The subjects consisted of 25 adults who had a stroke. Thirteen experimental and twelve control subjects completed pre and post test measures. Outcome variables were balance, ADL, IADL, pain, depression and self-efficacy. Chi-Square test(Fisher's exact method) was used to examine the equality of the subjects and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test used to examine the group difference by using SAS. Results: There was no significant difference in balance and depression between the two groups. However, there was a significant difference in ADL, IADL, pain and self-efficacy between the two groups. Conclusion: Aquatic exercise can improve ADL, IADL, self-efficacy and reduce pain. Therefore, further research is recommended by increasing the length of aquatic exercise and number of subjects, so that its effects can be more generalizable.
Purpose: This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a prenatal parental role education program. Methods: The participants were healthy primiparous women and their healthy newborn babies. 57 mother-infant diads(27 in the intervention group, 30 in the control group). For the intervention group, an additional 4 prenatal parental role education programs and 2 postnatal telephone calls(1st & 3rd week after birth) were provided. Data were analyzed by frequency, chi-square test, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS PC+ 10.0 program. Results: Significant differences were found in self-confidence in maternal role performance, mother-infant interaction and infant physical growth between the two groups. This result indicate that the intervention program was effective in improving self-confidence in maternal role performance, mother-infant interaction and in facilitating infant physical growth. Conclusions: The prenatal parental role education program developed by the author was a very effective program in promoting maternal self-confidence, mother-infant interaction, and fostering infant's physical growth at 4 weeks after infant's birth.
The purpose of this research is to exam the attitudes of elderly people to dating. This research also investigates the differences of the elderly's attitudes to dating based on demographic, family relation, and social relation variables. Attitudes to elderly dating in this study included the perception, necessity, and difficulty of elderly dating. The sample consisted of 689 elderly Korean people. Data were analyzed by frequencies, mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, t-test, and F-test. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in elderly attitudes to dating according to demographic, family relation, and social relation variables. The findings of this study are described in the results section and the implications of these research findings are discussed.
The purposes of this study are to investigate what star marketing is and to examine whether star marketing influences clothing purchase behavior of adolescents or not. The concept and the instances of star marketing were reviewed and the characteristics and clothing behavior of adolescence were analyzed. The data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 341 middle and high school students and analyzed by frequency, t-test, chi-square test, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and Scheffe test. The Cronbach's alphas were calculated for the internal consistency. The results of the study are as follows. The sample was classified into three groups(high interest/high awareness group, high interest/low awareness group, and low interest/low awareness group) by the interest of TV watching and TV stars, the identification with TV stars, and the awareness and the interest of star marketing. There were significant differences in clothing purchase motives, the use of information sources, clothing buying places, clothing purchase frequency, and clothing expenditure among three groups.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.