• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2023

Objective: Pain following the insertion of separators and archwires varies with age, sex, race, ethnicity, threshold, and health status. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of pain in orthodontic patients after the insertion of elastomeric separators, its effects on daily life, and its association with age and sex in a population not previously studied in this regard. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 130 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment included collecting data on demographics, pain experienced following the placement of separators, time of onset, duration, characteristics, change in dietary pattern or chewing side, intake of analgesics, and severity of pain on the Wong Baker's scale. The results are reported as counts and percentages. Associations between sex and age were evaluated using Pearson's chi-square test. Results: Among the 130 patients, 56.2% were 9-20 years old, 63.8% experienced pain following the insertion of separators, 22.9% had their first episode of pain at 4 hours, 56.6% experienced intermittent pain, and 37.3% experienced discomfort; 18.1% males and 81.9% females experienced pain following the insertion of separators. Pearson's chi-square test showed a significant association between pain and sex (P = 0.04). Most patients (37.3%) reported "hurts little more" for pain intensity on Wong Baker's scale and 21.7% reported all four quadrants as sites of pain. Conclusions: The pain experienced after separator insertion was associated with sex and age. Females experienced more pain than males and patients between the age range of 21 and 36 years suffered more pain during mastication than between 9 and 20 years old.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.890-896
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the relationship between serum folic acid levels and metabolic syndrome. The analysis data were downloaded and used for the 7th 3rd (2018) data of the National Health and Nutrition Survey and in this study, 495 men, 706 women, and a total of 1,201 people were finally analyzed. The data analysis used Chi-square and t-test for the difference in serum folic acid according to general characteristics, Pearson correlation for the relationship between sub-factors of metabolic syndrome, and logistic regression analysis for serum folic acid levels and metabolic syndrome indicators. According to the results of this study, there was a significant negative correlation between serum folic acid levels and waist circumference (r=-0.113, p<0.01), triglyceride (r=-0.086, p<0.05), and HDL-cholesterol (r=0.086, p<0.05) showed a significant positive correlation. As a result of regression analysis, in the case of HDL-cholesterol, the group with normal serum folic acid levels was significantly higher than the group with low (p<0.05). Therefore, through this study, it is proposed to develop appropriate eating habits and health education programs to prevent metabolic syndrome.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.118-124
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• 2020

Background: The poultry industry in Pakistan has flourished since the 1960s; however, there are scarce data regarding the impact of occupational exposure on the pulmonary health of farm workers in terms of years working in the industry. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of poultry environment on the health of occupationally exposed poultry farmers in countries of warm climatic regions, such as Pakistan. This study will also show the effect of exposure to poultry facilities on the health of poultry farmers in the context of low-income countries with a relatively inadequate occupational exposure risk management. Materials and methods: The lung function capacity of 79 poultry workers was measured using a spirometer. Along with spirometry, a structured questionnaire was also administrated to obtain information about age, height, weight, smokers/nonsmokers, years of working experience, and pulmonary health of farm workers. The workers who were directly involved in the care and handling of birds in these intensive facilities were considered and divided into four groups based on their years of working experience: Group I (3-10 months), Group II (1-5 years), Group III (6-10 years), and Group IV (more than 11 years). The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the FEV1/FVC ratio were considered to identify lung function abnormalities. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent sample t test, Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation, and linear regression. Results: Based on the performed spirometry, 68 (86 %) of workers were found normal and healthy, whereas 11 (14 %) had a mild obstruction. Of the 11 workers with mild obstruction, the highest number with respect to the total was in Group IV (more than 11 years of working experience) followed by Group III and Group II. Most of the workers were found healthy, which seems to be because of the healthy survivor effect. For the independent sample t test, a significant difference was noticed between healthy and nonhealthy farmers, whereas Chi-square test showed a significant association with height, drugs, and working experience. Linear regression that was stratified by respiratory symptoms showed for workers with symptoms, regression models for all spirometric parameters (FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC) have better predictive power or R square value than those of workers without symptoms. Conclusion: These findings suggest that lung function capacity was directly related to years of working experience. With increasing number of working years, symptoms of various respiratory problems enhanced in the poultry workers. It should be noted that most of the poultry workers were healthy and young, the rationale being that there is a high turnover rate in this profession. The mobility in this job and our finding of 86% of the healthy workers in the present study also proposed healthy worker survivor effect.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.106-114
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• 2021

This study was conducted to provide basic data for the systematic management and preservation of Nak-nam Jeongmaek. Of the Nak-nam Jeongmaek, six priority research areas, Gilmajae, Mt. Cheonwang, Mt. Yeohang, Mt. Muhak, Mt. Cheonju, Mt. Sineo, with consideration to terrain and environmental characteristics, were selected for this study. Two fixed plots for each bird habitat type were selected for each site and were surveyed from May to October in 2018. The survey conducted in the six priority research areas of Nak-nam Jeongmaek identified 48 species with 1,181 individual birds. The largest number of species and individuals occupying a particular habitat type were found in the developed land with 35 species and 567 individuals. Species diversity was the highest at 2.66 in the forest road. According to the results of nesting guild analysis of Nak-nam Jeongmaek (Pearson Chi-square test, 𝛘²=16.681, p<0.05) by each habitat type, the communities that belong to the canopy nesting guild showed a high frequency in the developed land, the valley, and the forest road. The results of the Pearson Chi-Square test (𝛘²=16.217, p<0.005) showed that the communities that belonged to the bush foraging guild were the most frequent in the developed land, and the communities that belonged to the canopy foraging guild were the most frequent in the valley and the forest road. The results of these studies suggest that the various habitats of the Nak-nam Jeongmaek provide a variety of resources for bird habitats.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2011

Purpose: With the introduction of PET since 1994, test methods have made rapid progress. Accordingly, the studies on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer as well as treatment response evaluation PET test are useful. However, it is difficult to divide stomach lesions and secretion. The purpose of this study is to reduce additional shooting by dividing lesions and secretion of stomach. Materials and Method: This study aiming at total 228 cancer patients was conducted from Aug 18 to Sep. 10, 2010. Among them, 115 patients had a test without water intake before shooting from Aug. 8 to 31 and 113 had a test after drinking 500 cc water right before shooting from Sep. 1 to 10 The Discovery ST PET/CT (GE Healthcare, USA) was used, and pearson's chi-square test was conducted to analyze significance through SPSS (Ver.18). Results: Among the total 228 cancer patients, there were 115 who had a test without water intake before shooting, 89 who had no double additional shooting, 13 who had stomach additional shooting and 13 who had other additional shooting. In addition, 109 had no additional shooting among 113 who had a test after taking 500 cc water, 1 had stomach additional shooting and 3 had other additional shooting. According to the findings above, the patients who had a test without water intake show reduced additional shooting, but for more exact significance, pearson's Chi-square test was carried out and the significance percentage was 0.001 that is smaller than 0.05, which means two groups have a significant relationship. As the minimum expectation frequency was 6.94 and there was no expectation frequency smaller than 5, so that it doesn't need to carry out pearson's exact verification. Conclusion: The above analysis has found that if one drinks 500cc water before the test, not only stomach additional shooting but also other additional shooting can be dramatically reduced, and test delay can be also reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.93-112
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to clarify which some factors among the socio-demographic factors have effect on the housewives behavior on how to buy small electric appliances and how to use them. The questionnaires were distributed in July 1985 to 491 housewives in Seoul. Satistical methods as percentage, frequency, arithmetic mean, chi-square test, t-test and F-test were used for data analysis. RESULTS : 1) The average rate of possessing the automatic rice cooker is 87.8%, the electric frypan is 81.0%, the toaster is 36.9% and the blender is 86.9%. 2. Generally the frequency of use were low. 3) Generally their knowledge on small electric appliances is low. 4) The ability of management in blender was influenced by age, education and in automatic rice cooker was influenced by only education.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.798-808
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exercise on rehabilitation in home stroke patients. Method: A quasi-experimental pretest and posttest design was used to examine the change of balance, ADL, IADL, pain, depression and self-efficacy atthe completion of 6-weeks aquatic exercise program. The subjects consisted of 25 adults who had a stroke. Thirteen experimental and twelve control subjects completed pre and post test measures. Outcome variables were balance, ADL, IADL, pain, depression and self-efficacy. Chi-Square test(Fisher's exact method) was used to examine the equality of the subjects and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test used to examine the group difference by using SAS. Results: There was no significant difference in balance and depression between the two groups. However, there was a significant difference in ADL, IADL, pain and self-efficacy between the two groups. Conclusion: Aquatic exercise can improve ADL, IADL, self-efficacy and reduce pain. Therefore, further research is recommended by increasing the length of aquatic exercise and number of subjects, so that its effects can be more generalizable.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a prenatal parental role education program. Methods: The participants were healthy primiparous women and their healthy newborn babies. 57 mother-infant diads(27 in the intervention group, 30 in the control group). For the intervention group, an additional 4 prenatal parental role education programs and 2 postnatal telephone calls(1st & 3rd week after birth) were provided. Data were analyzed by frequency, chi-square test, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS PC+ 10.0 program. Results: Significant differences were found in self-confidence in maternal role performance, mother-infant interaction and infant physical growth between the two groups. This result indicate that the intervention program was effective in improving self-confidence in maternal role performance, mother-infant interaction and in facilitating infant physical growth. Conclusions: The prenatal parental role education program developed by the author was a very effective program in promoting maternal self-confidence, mother-infant interaction, and fostering infant's physical growth at 4 weeks after infant's birth.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• 제42권12호
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• pp.31-54
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to exam the attitudes of elderly people to dating. This research also investigates the differences of the elderly's attitudes to dating based on demographic, family relation, and social relation variables. Attitudes to elderly dating in this study included the perception, necessity, and difficulty of elderly dating. The sample consisted of 689 elderly Korean people. Data were analyzed by frequencies, mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, t-test, and F-test. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in elderly attitudes to dating according to demographic, family relation, and social relation variables. The findings of this study are described in the results section and the implications of these research findings are discussed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2008

The purposes of this study are to investigate what star marketing is and to examine whether star marketing influences clothing purchase behavior of adolescents or not. The concept and the instances of star marketing were reviewed and the characteristics and clothing behavior of adolescence were analyzed. The data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 341 middle and high school students and analyzed by frequency, t-test, chi-square test, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and Scheffe test. The Cronbach's alphas were calculated for the internal consistency. The results of the study are as follows. The sample was classified into three groups(high interest/high awareness group, high interest/low awareness group, and low interest/low awareness group) by the interest of TV watching and TV stars, the identification with TV stars, and the awareness and the interest of star marketing. There were significant differences in clothing purchase motives, the use of information sources, clothing buying places, clothing purchase frequency, and clothing expenditure among three groups.