• 혜화의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was attempted to verify the effects of Tai Chi exercise on the depression and self efficacy of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Method: It employed a non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design. The research instruments used in this study were depression and self efficacy. Thirty-two patients in the experimental group carried out 50 minutes of Tai Chi exercise for 12 weeks, and 29 patients in the control group did not. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for depression and self efficacy. Collected data were processed using the SPSS/WIN 10.0 program analyzing by the frequency, percentage, $X^2$- test, and t-test. Results: Depression significantly decreased in the experimental group. However the improvement in self efficacy of the rheumatoid arthritis patients was not statistically significant but slight enhancement was. Conclusion: Tai Chi exercise is an effective nursing intervention that can be used for rheumatoid arthritis patients.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.151-161
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of Tai Chi exercise on loneliness, sleep pattern, and instrumental activities of daily living in elderly women. Methods: A quasi-experimental design, a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest was used. Elderly women who agreed to participated in the study were assigned into an experimental group (n=20) or a control group (n=20). The experimental group participated in Tai Chi exercise program (Sun-style 12 forms) for 50 minutes per session, 2 times a week for 8 weeks. Tai Chi exercise program consisted of 10 minutes for warm-up, 35 minutes for main session, and 5 minutes for cooling down. Study outcomes were measured through study questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, t-test and Mann-Whitney test by SPSS WIN 14.0 program. Results: Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant improvement in loneliness (t=-2.733, p=.009), sleep pattern (t=2.552, p=.015), and instrumental activities of daily living (z=-2.171, p=.030). Conclusion: Tai Chi exercise program may be an effective nursing intervention for elderly women.

• 한국신뢰성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신뢰성학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.185-191
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• 2000

A survival variable is a nonnegative random variable X with distribution function F and a survival function (equation omitted)=1－F. This variable is said to be New Better than Used of specified age $t_{0}$ if (equation omitted) for all $\chi$$\geq$0 and a fixed to. We propose the test for $H_{0}$ : (equation omitted) for all $\chi$$\geq$0 against $H_1$：(equation omitted) for all $\chi$$\geq$0 when the specified age $t_{0}$ is unknown but can be estimated from the data when $t_{0}$=${\mu}$, the mean of F, and also when $t_{0}$=$\xi_p$, the pth percentile of F. This test statistic, which is based on a linear function of the order statistics from the sample, is readily applied in the case of small sample. Also, this test statistic is more simple than the test statistic of Ahmad's test statistic (1998). Finally, the performance of this test is presented.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of Tai Chi exercise, Tai Chi self help program, and self help management program on arthritic pain, stiffness, fatigue and difficulties in performing daily activities in patients with osteoarthritis. Method: The pre-post experimental design was utilized with convenient sampling at Public Health Centers. Total of 38 subjects agreed to participate in the study with the inclusion criteria of being diagnosed as osteoarthritis and no previous regular exercise. The 12 subjects were assigned to Tai Chi exercise group, 13 subjects to Tai Chi exercise combined with self help management program, and the other 13 to self help management program. Tai Chi exercise group performed exercise twice a week for one hour per each session. Tai Chi self help management group came to the class twice a week, one hour for Tai Chi exercise, and another hour for self help management program. The third group came to the class once a week for one hour to participate self help management program. At the completion of 6 week programs, 10 subjects from Tai Chi exercise, 9 from Tai Chi self help, another 10 from self help management groups completed the post-test measures. The data were analyzed by SPSSWIN 11.0. The homogeneity tests for three experimental groups were conducted by $X^2-test$, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test. The final analysis of the post-test measures was conducted by ANCOVA with fatigue, pain, stiffness, and difficulties in daily activities of the pretest measures as covariates. Results: The results were as follows. There were no significant differences in fatigue, pain, and difficulties of daily activities among three groups for the pretest measures. The score of arthritic stiffness was significantly different among groups after controlled for covariates, but the post-hoc tests showed no group differences. Conclusion: The nursing interventions applied for osteoarthritis patients have been previously tested to show the cost effectiveness of symptoms management of this population.

• 컴퓨터교육학회논문지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 연속된 프레임들의 차이 값으로부터 획득된 평균과 표준편차를 이용한 새로운 자동 임계치-결정 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 먼저, 연속된 프레임사이의 차이 값들에 대한 계산은 기존의 컬러 히스토그램과 ${\chi}^2$-테스트를 병합한 변형된 ${\chi}^2$-테스트 알고리즘을 이용하였다. 변형된 ${\chi}^2$-테스트는 각 컬러공간에 명암도 등급에 따른 가중치를 적용하여 보다 세분화된 값들에 의한 장면전환 검출을 시도할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 제안된 자동 임계치 결정 알고리즘은 획득된 전체 차이값들의 분포로부터 1차 평균과 표준편차를 구한 후, 이를 다시 주어진 차이 값들에 적용하여 1차 평균을 만족하는 차이 값들로부터 2차 평균과 표준편차를 구하며, 이러한 연속적인 평균과 표준편차의 계산으로부터 표준편차가 최대지점으로부터 작아지는 시점의 평균을 기준으로 임계치를 결정하는 방법이다. 제안된 방법은 다양한 비디오 데이터에서 실험되었으며, 실험결과 자동 임계치 결정에 효율적이며, 신뢰할만한 장면들을 검출하였다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of Tai Chi training program on physical fitness, stress response and ego-resiliency in nursing students. Methods: 28 nursing students of D metropolitan city participated in non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test group test in quasi experimental design with written consent. Fourteen participants in the control group who did usual activities and 14 experimental participants who promised to participate 24 Tai Chi training sessions for 12 weeks. Both groups completed pre- and post-test measurement for physical fitness, a questionnaire regarding their stress response and ego-resiliency. Each 60-minute Tai Chi session was consisted of 5-minute warm up, 10-minute meditation, 40-minute Tai Chi, and 5-minute finishing exercise. Results: After 12 weeks, participants in the Tai Chi group reported significantly higher score in muscle endurance (t=3.77, p=.001), leg muscular strength (t=2.14, p=.042), and balance (t=2.12, p=.044) compared to the control group. The Tai Chi group recorded significantly lower score than the control group on stress response (t=2.75, p=.011). Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of Tai Chi for a reduction in stress response and promotion in physical fitness in nursing students. Applying Tai Chi training to nursing program will help nursing students to have better academic performance.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.777-781
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• 2010

Yates' continuity correction of the chi-squared test for testing the homogeneity of two binomial proportions in $2{\times}2$ contingency tables is developed to lower the value of the test statistic slightly. The effect of continuity correction is expected to decrease as the sample size increases. However, in extremely unbalanced $2{\times}2$ contingency tables, we find some cases where the effect of continuity correction is eccentric and is larger than expected. In such cases, we conclude that the chi-squared test with continuity correction should not be employed as a test statistic in both asymptotic tests and exact tests.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2008

Minimum support and confidence have been used as criteria for generating association rules in all association rule mining algorithms. These criteria have their natural appeals, such as simplicity; few researchers have suspected the quality of generated rules. In this paper, we examine the rules from a more rigorous point of view by conducting statistical tests. Specifically, we use contingency tables and chi-square test to analyze the data. Experimental results show that one third of the association rules derived based on the support and confidence criteria are not significant, that is, the antecedent and consequent of the rules are not correlated. It indicates that minimum support and minimum confidence do not provide adequate discovery of meaningful associations. The chi-square test can be considered as an enhancement or an alternative solution.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.411-416
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• 1998

A simple nonparametric test of complete or total independence is suggested for continuous multivariate distributions. This procedure first discretizes the original variables based on their order statistics, and then tests the hypothesis of complete independence for the resulting contingency table. Under the hypothesis of independence, the chi-squared test statistic has an asymptotic chi-squared distribution. We present a simulation study to illustrate the accuracy in finite samples of the limiting distribution of the test statistic. We compare our method to another nonparametric test of complete independence via a simulation study. Finally, we apply our method to the residuals from a real data set.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1191-1200
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• 2006

A chi-squared test of multivariate normality is suggested which is mainly focused on detecting deviations from elliptical symmetry. This test uses Mahalanobis distances of observations to have some power for deviations from multivariate normality. We derive the limiting distribution of the test statistic by a conditional limit theorem. A simulation study is conducted to study the accuracy of the limiting distribution in finite samples. Finally, we compare the power of our method with those of other popular tests of multivariate normality under two non-normal distributions.