• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.57-67
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• 2014

The vigor condition of trees is an important indicator for the management of urban forested area. But difficulties in how to assess the tree vigor condition still remain. Previous efforts were limited in the 1) measurement of single indicator rather than using multiple indices, 2) purpose-oriented measurement such as for air-pollution effect or specific pathological symptom, and 3) ordinal-scale evaluations by field crews 4) despite human errors based on his/her experiences or prior knowledge. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a quantitative and objective methodology for assessing tree vigor condition, by measuring multiple modules and building the profile inventory. Furthermore, the possibility and limitations were discussed in terms of schematic frames describing tree vigor condition. The vigor condition of 56 flowering cherry plants in urban park were assessed by in-situ measurements of following eight items; growth of crown(Gc), growth of shoots, individual tree volume(Vol), plant area index, woody area index, leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll content(Lc) and leaf water content(Lw). For validation, these measurements were compared with the ranks of holistic tree vigor condition, which were visually assessed using a 4-point grading scale based on the expert's knowledge. As a result, the measures of each evaluation item successfully highlighted a variety of aspects in tree vigor condition, including the states of both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts. The variation in the results depending on evaluated parts was shown within an individual tree, even though the broad agreement among the results was found. The result of correlation analysis between the tested measurements and 4-point visual assessment, demonstrated that the state of water-stressed foliage of the season (Lw) or the development of plant materials since sapling phase (Vol) could be better viewed from the outer appearance of trees than other symptoms. But only based on the visual assessment, it may be difficult to detect the quality of photosynthesis (Lc) or the recent trend in growth of trees (Gc). To make this methodology simplified for the broad-scale application, the tested eight measurements could be integrated into two components by principal component analysis, which was labelled with 'the amount of plant materials' and 'vigor trend', respectively. In addition, the use of these quantitative and multi-scale indicators underlies the importance of assessing various aspects of tree vigor condition, taking into account the response(s) on different time and spatial scale of pressure(s) shown in each evaluated module. Future study should be advanced for various species at diverse developing stages and environment, and the application to wide areas at a periodic manner.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.149-152
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• 1988

A mixture of (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate(1) and its (E,Z)-isomer(2), the sex pheromone of the cherry tree borer, Synanthedon hector Butler was synthesized. (Z)-11-Octadecen-1-al(3) was prepared from 1,10-decandiol. The Wittig reaction the above aldehyde3 with carboethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane, or the Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of the above aldehyde3 with the anion of triethylphosphonoacetate gave ethyl (Z,Z)-2,13-octadecadienoate and its (E,Z)-isomer. Deconjugative protonation of ethyl (Z,Z)-2,13-octadecadienoate and its (E,Z)-isomer with potassium hexamethyldisilazide followed by aqueous ammonium chloride work-up afforded stereoselectiv디y ethyl (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadienoate and its (Z,Z)-isomer, respectively, of which stereoselectivity was adjusted to give the product in the required ratio. Exposure of the above deconjugated ester to excess lithium aluminium hydride resulted in formation of the penultimate (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol and its (E,Z)-isomer. Acetylation of the desired alcohols afford the final products, (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate(1) and its (E,Z)-isomer(2).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2021

In this study, the fungal strains KNU-Gunwi 2B and KNU-SOT5 were isolated from root-soil in a hillside and the cherry tree bark (Prunus serrulata), respectively from Gyeongbuk province in Korea. The strain KNU-SOT5 produced dark brown chlamydospores that were smooth to lightly rough-walled, globose to ellipsoidal, and the conidia were aseptate, guttulate, mostly fusiform with a diameter of 5.3-17.6×4.2-7.0 ㎛. Strain KNU-Gunwi 2B produced phialides that were smooth-walled, cylindrical with semi-papillate apices and the conidia were pale-green, broadly ellipsoid, and sometimes cylindrical with a diameter of 4.4-8.0×2.3-4.0 ㎛. The strain KNU-SOT5 and KNU-Gunwi 2B were resolved based on cultural and morphological characteristics, along with the phylogenetic analysis using the small subunit (SSU), large subunit (LSU), and internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions. The fungal strains KNU-SOT5 and KNU-Gunwi 2B were identified as Dothidea insculpta and Metarhizium rileyi, which have not been reported in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.124-136
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• 2011

In landscape architecture, plants play an important role in realizing the intention of the architect and user- behavior as well as an ecology and appearance of the space for them. However, it is true that many researches have focused on ecological characteristics of plants, their cultivation environment and symbolic meanings in traditional terms, while relatively few for the analysis of the aspects of each period through plants. For this, cherry trees that we often see around are selected and their introduction, propagation, development and symbolism from the view of chronicle are studied and the results are followings; Firstly, three-year seedlings of 1,500 pieces of cherry tree from Osaka and Tokyo were planted for the first time in Oieseongdae, Namsan Park, Seoul. Since then, they had been widely planted at traditional sites, modern parks, newly-constructed roads for street trees, and for this, the Japanese Government-General of Chosun had actively supported by its direct cultivation and selling of cherry trees. The spread of cherry trees planted raised the question of whether or not Prunus yedoensis is originated from Jeju Island. Secondly, such massive and artificial planting of them had become attractions over the time and mass media at that time also had actively promoted it. And such trend made the day and night picnic under the cherry blossoms one of the most representative cultures of enjoying spring in Seoul. Thirdly, although general people enjoyed cherry blossoms, but they had dual view and attitude for cherry trees, which were well expressed in their use of them: for example, cherry blossoms, aeng and sakura were used altogether for same meaning, but night aeng or night picnic under cherry blossoms were especially used instead of yojakura when mentioning just pleasure, which meant some saw night enjoying cherry blossoms a low culture. Fourth, symbolic space of Chosun had been transformed into the space for enjoyment and consumption. Anyone who paid entrance fee could enjoy performance of revugirl, cinema and entertainment along with enjoying cherry blossoms. The still-existing strict differentiation of enjoyment culture by social status, class and ethnicity was dismantled from that trend and brought about a kind of disorder. From this, we could find that cherry blossoms had made a great contribution to the change of traditional enjoyment culture over the Japanese colonial period and become a popular spring enjoyment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.208-213
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• 2007

This study is designed to provide forest managers and landowners with tools to estimate the effect of forest management on carbon storage, investigating living tree biomass, detritus, and harvested wood products as variables. Thinning, selection cutting, and uncutting were applied to the three different forest types in New York, USA. Carbon storage of the original stands was 90, 56, and $101Mg\;ha^{-1}$ at the Allegheny hardwood forest, Northern hardwood forest, and Oak - black cherry forest, respectively. Among treatments, uncutting generally stored the greatest amount carbon. However, the rate of carbon storage was the smallest at the uncut treatment in all the sites. The 50% thinning, 50% selection, and 50% thinning treatments were the highest rate of carbon storage at the Allegheny hardwood forest, Northern hardwood forest, and Oak - cherry forest, respectively. In this study, only short term was applied to simulate carbon sequestration after silvicultural treatment. So, more research is needed to determine whether any silvicultural treatment can store significantly more carbon than no treatment over the long term.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.787-791
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• 2012

Bloods from slaughtered Korean native cattle (Hanwoo : Bos taurus coreanae) can be used in agriculture with various beneficial effects on the environment. This study was performed to find out the effect of the application of calcium and germanium, which are chelated with peptides made of cattle bloods on the absorption of them by cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Peptide was purified by enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrafiltration from serum protein, which is composed of Asp, Glu, Lue etc. Chelated Ca and Ge were produced by reacting the peptide with $CaCl_2$ and Ge-$132^{(R)}$. Then, they were applied to cherry tomato during cultivation period at the rate of $300mL{\times}3times$ (10 days interval) for each tomato tree. Application of chelated-Ca increased the Ca contents in leaves and fruits of cherry tomato showing as 19.9% and 23.4% in newerly prepared chelated-Ca-200 ($200mg\;L^{-1}$), 8.1% and 6.8% in commecrial Calciolid Ca-300 ($300mg\;L^{-1}$) compared to 3152.6 and $63.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ in control, respectively. Application of chelated-Ge showed the increase in the germanium contents in both leaves and fruits of cherry tomato by over 6 times than those of control and over 4 times than Ge $132^{(R)}$-20 application. As a result of this study, it seemed that the application of chelated-Ca and chelated-Ge would be more effective than the existing commertial one in the absorption of calcium and germanium by cherry tomato.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

This study has been carried out to measure the extent of damage for Witches' broom of cherry trees planted as street trees along the 5.16 road around the Halla Mountain. This study is expected to provide effective measures to prevent the infection of witches' broom. Among the cherry trees examined, almost all the trees of 40 years or over were severely infected. Those around 30 years old were infected as well, though they showing medium level of disease symptoms. However, cherry trees of less than 23 years were observed to be healthy without showing any symptoms. Cherry trees spontaneously growing within 30m width of the 5.16 road in the section from Sanchondan to Kyunwolak were less severely infected by Witches' broom (Taphrima waesneri), though there was a difference by tree age.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.149-160
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• 2010

Among the distance based algorithms in phylogenetic tree reconstruction, the neighbor-joining algorithm has been a widely used and effective method. We propose a new algorithm which counts the number of consistent quartets for cherry picking with tie breaking. We show that the success rate of the new algorithm is almost equal to that of neighbor-joining. This gives an explanation of the qualitative nature of neighbor-joining and that of dissimilarity maps from DNA sequence data. Moreover, the new algorithm always reconstructs correct trees from quartet consistent dissimilarity maps.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.52-62
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• 2004

This research is basic research about 「the afforestation project of the Shilla Dynasty's capital forest」 which is controlled by the research institute of forest and environment of Kyungbuk province. The results of the investigation about target places and selection of major species of trees is as follows. 1. In the Shilla Dynasty's times, the peach tree was the indicator of unusual changes in weather, and was also the symbol of unsurpassed beauty. Peach trees were so prevalent that people called the forest peach-hill or peach-forest. Therefore, the main tree of Shilla Dynasty's capital forest would have to be a peach tree. 2. From several records, pine and bamboo were planted or grown together. The pattern of planting trees like this case is also historic, so should be utilized positively. 3. In order to afforest the capital forest, the bamboos have to be planted on Nam-mountain in Kyung-ju, and maple trees have to be planted on Kumgang mountain. 4. There were many big trees during the Shilla Dynasty, and the name of one of the Six Main Villages was 'Big Tree Village'. Therefore, big and long-lived trees have to be planted also. 5. The willow tree has to be considered for afforesting the capital forest even though the willow trees are misunderstood to cause allergies. They are traditional landscape architecture trees. In the traditional literature, the willow tree stands for good news. 6. Japanese cornellian cherry(Cornus officinalis), which is related with old narrative literature in the era of King Kyungmun, has to be planted for the forest, and has to be considered to be an educational tree. 7. Korean Rhododendron, which is related with Madam Suro's story, has to be planted in stone gardens.8. Lotus, Korean pulsatilla, Boxwood, Bombycis Mulberry, and Japanese Apricot have been recorded just one time, but these are also important plants which have to be reflected on afforestation of capital forest project. 9. The forests of Shilla on the old records exist in 17 places. The afforestation project has to be undertaken at these places. 10. The people of Shilla deified the forest and trees, which were the places where ancestral rites had been performed. For example, Gyerim, Sinyurim, and Wanggasu were the sacred forests of the capital forest.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1978

Epiphytic lichens were sampled quantitatively on the cherry trees (Prunus serrulata) at Jeonju and Hadong along both north and south exposures of tat trees. Coverage of lichens was determinated for each species by 10*20cm quadrat. Lichen species diversities such as total diversity (D), mean diversity (D), Shannon diversity (D') and redundancy (R) were estimated according to Brillouin and Shannon equation. The importance value of lichen species was meassured by niche preemption model, The importance value transformed into some fraction k of the niche space. The value of k was compared with aggregation of lichens communities in to areas. The ten most important awariensis, Parmelia incurva, Parmelia crinita, Dirinaria applanta, Parmelia wallichiana, Parmelia austrosinensis and Cetraria platyphylla. The mean coverage epiphytic lichens on north side of tree was higher than of south side in two areas. The species diversities of epiphytic lichen of two areas shows that a change in the value of D' along vertical was not paralled with the D and R. In Kumsan-sa, D, D and D' increased upward along the tree of north exposure, but did not follow this trend in south, However in Sangge-sa, D, D and D' of both sides increased.