• Mycobiology
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.94-108
• /
• 2023

Termitomyces sp. that grow in symbiosis with fungus-farming Termites have medicinal properties. However, they are rare in nature, and their artificial culture is challenging. The expression of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and immune checkpoint molecules favor the growth of cancer cells. The study evaluated the optimal conditions for the artificial culture of Termitomyces and their inhibitory activity on AXL and immune checkpoint molecules in lung adenocarcinoma and melanoma cell lines. The culture of 45 strains of Termitomyces was compared. Five strains with marked growth rates were selected. Four of the selected strains form a single cluster by sequence analysis. The mycelium of 4 selected strains produces more fungal mass in potato dextrose broth than in a mixed media. The bark was the most appropriate solid substrate for Termitomyces mycelia culture. The mycelium of all five selected strains showed a higher growth rate under normal CO₂ conditions. The culture broth, methanol, and ethyl acetate of one selected strain (T-120) inhibited the mRNA relative expression of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and immune checkpoint molecules in cancer cell lines. Overall, these results suggest the potential usefulness of Termitomyces extracts as a coadjuvant therapy in malignant diseases.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 2022

A breakthrough in immunotherapy has changed the outlook for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment as the immune surveillance evasion mechanism of tumor cells has been continuously elucidated. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and ipilimumab, which block immune checkpoint receptors or ligands have been approved for the treatment of mismatch repair deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) mCRC based on numerous clinical studies. However, 50% of dMMR/MSI-H mCRC and most mismatch repair proficient/microsatellite stable mCRC remained unresponsive to current immunotherapy. Clinical trials on combination therapy that adds various treatments, such as target agents, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy to ICI, have been actively conducted to overcome this immunotherapy limitation. Further studies on safety and efficacy are needed although several trials presented promising data. Additionally, dMMR/MSI-H, tumor mutation burden, and programmed cell death ligand-1 expression have been studied as biomarkers for predicting the treatment response to immunotherapy, but the discovery and validation of more sensitively predictable biomarkers remained necessary. Thus, this study aimed to review recent studies on immunotherapy in mCRC, summarize the efficacy and limitation of immunotherapy, and describe the biomarkers that predict treatment response.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.11.1-11.14
• /
• 2020

Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease. Until recently, systemic treatment options that showed survival benefits in HCC have been limited to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibodies targeting oncogenic signaling pathways or VEGF receptors. The HCC tumor microenvironment is characterized by a dysfunction of the immune system through multiple mechanisms, including accumulation of various immunosuppressive factors, recruitment of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and induction of T cell exhaustion accompanied with the interaction between immune checkpoint ligands and receptors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been interfered this interaction and have altered therapeutic landscape of multiple cancer types including HCC. In this review, we discuss the use of anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in the treatment of advanced HCC. However, ICIs as a single agent do not benefit a significant portion of patients. Therefore, various clinical trials are exploring possible synergistic effects of combinations of different ICIs (anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies) or ICIs and target agents. Combinations of ICIs with locoregional therapies may also improve therapeutic responses.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.287-294
• /
• 2016

The effect of kaempferol (3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone), a flavonoid compound that was identified in barnyard millet (Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea) grains, on G₂-checkpoint and apoptotic pathways was investigated in human acute leukemia Jurkat T cell clones stably transfected with an empty vector (J/Neo) or a Bcl-xL expression vector (J/Bcl-xL). Exposure of J/Neo cells to kaempeferol caused cytotoxicity and activation of the ATM/ATR-Chk1/Chk2 pathway, activating the phosphorylation of p53 (Ser-15), inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc25C (Ser-216), and inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1), with resultant G₂-arrest of the cell cycle. Under these conditions, apoptotic events, including upregulation of Bak and PUMA levels, Bak activation, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) loss, activation of caspase-9, -8, and -3, anti-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and accumulation of apoptotic sub-G₁ cells, were induced without accompanying necrosis. However, these apoptotic events, except for upregulation of Bak and PUMA levels, were completely abrogated in J/Bcl-xL cells overexpressing Bcl-xL, suggesting that the G₂-arrest and the Bcl-xL-sensitive mitochondrial apoptotic events were induced, in parallel, as downstream events of the DNA-damage-mediated G₂-checkpoint activation. Together these results demonstrate that kaempferol-mediated antitumor activity toward Jurkat T cells was attributable to G₂-checkpoint activation, which caused not only G₂-arrest of the cell cycle but also activating phosphorylation of p53 (Ser-15) and subsequent induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic events, including Bak and PUMA upregulation, Bak activation, Δψm loss, and caspase cascade activation.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.57-66
• /
• 2022

The Road Management Administration is cracking down on overloaded vehicles by installing low-speed or high-speed WIMs at toll gates and main lines on expressways. However, in recent years, the act of intelligently evading the overloaded-vehicle control system of the Road Management Administration by illegally manipulating the variable axle of an overloaded truck is increasing. In this manipulation, when entering the overloaded-vehicle checkpoint, all axles of the vehicle are lowered to pass normally, and when driving on the main road, the variable axle of the vehicle is illegally lifted with the axle load exceeding 10 tons alarmingly. Therefore, this study developed a technology to detect the state of the variable axle of a truck driving on the road using roadside camera images. In particular, this technology formed the basis for cracking down on overloaded vehicles by lifting the variable axle after entering the checkpoint and linking the vehicle with the account information of the checkpoint. Fundamentally, in this study, the tires of the vehicle were recognized using the Mask RCNN algorithm, the recognized tires were virtually arranged before and after the checkpoint, and the height difference of the vehicle was measured from the arrangement to determine whether the variable axle was lifted after the vehicle left the checkpoint.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2001

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
• /
• v.4 no.5
• /
• pp.340-348
• /
• 2015

The "stamp rally" is an event that participants go the round with predetermined points for the purpose of collecting stamps. They bring the stamp card to these points. They, however, sometimes leave or lose the card. In this case, they may not reach the final destination of the stamp rally. The purpose of this research is the construction of the stamp rally system which distinguishes each participant with his or her hand instead of the stamp card. We have realized our method distinguishing a hand posture by the image processing. We have also evaluated it by 30 examinees. Furthermore, we have designed the data communication between the server and the checkpoint to implement our whole system. We have also designed and implemented the process for the registering participant, the passing checkpoint and the administration.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
• /
• v.8C no.2
• /
• pp.182-188
• /
• 2001

이동 호스트에서 기지국으로의 데이터 전송 시 예상치 못한 기지국 전체 고장은 필연적으로 버퍼에 있는 데이터의 손실을 초래하고 적절한 손실 보상이 필요하다. 기지국의 고장시의 회복을 위한 기존의 기법들은 오버헤드가 많고 단순히 무선 링크 장애만을 고려하므로 기지 국 전체 고장에는 적합하지 않다. 유무선망 전체의 신뢰성 있는 전송을 위한 End to End 전송 방식도 비효율적으로 이동 호스트가 보상할 데이터 량을 알기 위해 필요한 기지국 버 퍼의 정확한 손실 정도를 알기 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 기존에 제안된 기법들의 문제점을 분 석하고 무선 ATM망에서 기지국 고장 시에 효율적으로 손실 보상을 하도록 하는 기법으로 CPS(Checkpoint Scheme)을 제안한다. CPS는 기지국이 버퍼의 출력 정보를 통보하여 고장 시에 이동 호스트가 seamless한 전송을 할 수 있도록 한다. 기존의 기법들과 시뮬레이션 및 비교 분석을 통하여 CPS의 효율을 증명한다.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2009.08a
• /
• pp.387-390
• /
• 2009

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can easily compromised from attackers because it has the limited resource and deployed in exposed environments. When the sensitive packets are occurred such as enemy's movement or fire alarm, attackers can selectively drop them using a compromised node. It brings the isolation between the basestation and the sensor fields. To detect selective forwarding attack, Xiao, Yu and Gao proposed checkpoint-based multi-hop acknowledgement scheme (CHEMAS). The check-point nodes are used to detect the area which generating selective forwarding attacks. However, CHEMAS has static probability of selecting check-point nodes. It cannot achieve the flexibility to coordinate between the detection ability and the energy consumption. In this paper, we propose the control method for the number fo check-point nodes. Through the control method, we can achieve the flexibility which can provide the sufficient detection ability while conserving the energy consumption.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.26-29
• /
• 2012

Recently, to efficiently support the real-time requirements of RTLS( Real Time Location System) services, interest in the main memory DBMS is rising. In the main memory DBMS, because all data can be lost when the system failure happens, the recovery method is very important for the stability of the database. Especially, disk I/O in executing the log and the checkpoint becomes the bottleneck of letting down the total system performance. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to research about the recovery method to reduce disk I/O in the main memory DBMS. Therefore, In this paper, we analyzed existing log techniques and check point techniques and existing main memory DBMSs' recovery techniques for recovery techniques research for main memory DBMS.