• Proceedings of the KSEEG Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.475-476
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• 2002

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.261-271
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• 1999

Mining activity in the Gubong gold mine started in 1908 and lasted up to recent days. Heavy metals derived from the activity may be porentially toxic to human life and envirinment of this area. Because metal toxicity depends on chemical associations into five operationally defined groups: exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions, and the Most of heavy metals have significant little significance (alomost<1%). And Cu is mainly associated with the oxidizable from. Total concentration of heavy metals, pH, and mineralogy affect the chemical forms of the metals. Heavy metal concentrations. Significant amounts of metal elements (5∼65.1% in Pb, 6.2∼39.7% in Zn, 8.7∼54.7% in Cd, and 3.6∼24.7% in Cu) were present in carbonate form from mine wastes, contaminated soils and sediments. High pH value and cerussite (Pb bearing carbonate mineral) in mine wastes, contaminated soils and sediments. High pH value and cerussite (Pb beraring varbonate mineral) in mine waste support this result. Areas with high corbonate bound from would have higher potentoal conamination, however, because elements of carbonate bound forms are easily mobilized under lower pH conditions in the surface envionments due to acid to rain soil acidification.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2018

Lead-based pigments (Lead White, Massicot, and Red Lead) are known to cause discoloration easily in indoor air environments. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of representative indoor air environment factors ($O_2$, $CO_2$) on lead-based pigments. As a result of the experiment, almost all of the specimens showed changes of more than ${\Delta}E=5.0$ in their values of chromaticity under $O_2$ (99%, RH 99%) and $CO_2$ (36,000 ppm, RH 99%) environments. Scanning electron microscopy also showed that the pigment particles lose sharpness of the edge. Furthermore, under the degradation, the intensities of the characteristic peaks in the X-ray diffraction patterns were decreased, and Lead White, Massicot, and Red Lead exposed to $CO_2$ (36,000 ppm, RH 99%) were shown to include the new material cerussite ($PbCO_3$). In particular, Plattnerite ($PbO_2$) was identified on Massicot, and for white lead, the characteristic peaks disappeared and those of Cerussite were identified. It was confirmed that chemical change with discoloration can occur when these lead-based pigments are exposed to a high-humidity $CO_2$ environment.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 2018

Traditional inorganic pigments applied to dancheong, buddhist painting, and wall painting were produced from natural minerals which were later replaced by synthetic pigments, resulting in the loss of the recipe to prepare mineral pigments. This study examined the domestic occurrence and mineralogical characteristics of green and blue mineral pigments required for the conservation of cultural heritage. Cuprous green-blue mineral pigments were found as the weathering products of waste dumps and ores of abandoned Cu-Pb-Zn sulfide mines. Mineralogical analyses using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy identified diverse hydrous copper sulfate pigments of green (brochantite and devilline) and blue color (linarite, bechererite, and schulenbergite) with minor green pigments of antlerite and atacamite commonly associated with cerussite, smithsonite, anglesite, and cuprite. Noerok, a green silicate pigment, replaced the fractured basalt lava. Celadonite was responsible for the green color of Noerok, closely associated with opal in varying ratio. Glauconite, green silicate pigment, was identified in the Yellow Sea sediments. Malachite and azurite, the most important green and blue pigments of Korean cultural heritage, were not identified in this study.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.14
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• pp.37-60
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• 2013

Conservation and analysis of wall painting Goguryeo was performed to classify the unknown fragments. The conservation naked eye observation, optical microscopy, and infrared examination were carried out in order to figure out the structure, quality of constituting materials, and damages such as cracks, and discolored fragments of colored areas. Based on such investigation, conservation was proceeded. and it was completed with strengthening the weakened pigment layer of wall blocks. In addition tombs where the wall painting fragments were excavated were investigated by making comparison with gelatin dry plates and copies possessed by National Museum of Korea. According to the result, they were Kaemachong, Gosan-ri Tomb No.1 Gamsinchong, and Wonbong-ri Tomb. The components of colors with which Goguryeo wall painting fragments were painted and the mineral pigments of the wall layer were analyzed. Portable µ-XRF spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer were employed. It showed that lime (CaCO₃) used for the wall layer, and the brown color is hematite(Fe₂O₃) and cerusite (PbCO₃) and lead oxide(PbO) were identified. In the red color, cinnabar (HgS) were detected.